Glossary

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 487.

Page references to Section 1, Survey, are given at the end of each entry.

adjacency pairA sequence of two utterances by different speakers in conversation. The second is a response to the first, e.g. ques­tion-answer. [77]

anaphorThe word, typically a pronoun, used to maintain refer­enceto someone or something already mentioned, e.g. 'An old man was limping towards us. He slowly came into view.' [23]

antecedentThe initial expression used to identify someone or something for which an anaphoris used later, e.g. 'Am old man was limping towards us. He slowly came into view.' [23]

attributable silenceThe absence of talk when a speaker is given the right to speak in conversation. [73]

attributive useUsing an expression to identify someone or some­thing without being committed to the existence of an actual per­son or thing, e.g. 'the first person to walk on Mars'. [18]

backchannels/backchannel signalsVocal indications of atten­tion, e.g. 'uh-huh', 'hmm', when someone else is talking. [75]

background entailmentAny logical consequence of an utter­ance. [33]

bald on recordUtterances, e.g. orders, directly addressed to another where the illocutionary forceis made explicit. [63]

cataphoraThe use of a word (typically a pronoun) to introduce someone or something that is more fully identified later, e.g. 'He slowly came into view. An old man was limping towards us.' [23]

coherenceThe familiar and expected relationships in experience

126 REFERENCES

glossary 127

which we use to connect the meanings of utterances, even when those connections are not explicitly made. [84]

commissiveA speech act in which the speaker commits him or herself to some future action, e.g. a promise. See Table 6.1. [54]

constancy under negationQuality of the presuppositionof a statement remaining true when the statement is negated. [26]

content conditionsIn order to count as a particular type of speech act, an utterance must contain certain features, e.g. a promise must be about a future event. [50]

contextThe physical environment in which a word is used: cf. co-text.[21]

contrastive pragmaticsThe study of culturally different ways of using language. [88]

conventional implicatureAn additional unstated meaning asso­ciated with the use of a specific word, e.g. 'A but B' implies a contrast between A and B, so 'contrast' is a conventional implicature of 'but'. [45]

conversational implicatureAn additional unstated meaning that has to be assumed in order to maintain the cooperative principle,e.g. if someone says 'The President is a mouse', something that is literally false, the hearer must assume the speaker means to convey more than is being said. [40]

conversational styleParticular way of participating in conversa­tion. [76]

cooperative principleA basic assumption in conversation that each participant will attempt to contribute appropriately, at the required time, to the current exchange of talk. [37]

co-textThe linguistic environment in which a word is used: cf. context.[21]

counterfactual presuppositionThe assumption that certain information is the opposite of true. [29]

cross-cultural pragmaticsThe study of different expectations among different communities regarding how meaning is con­structed. [87]

cultural schemataPre-existing knowledge structures based on experience in a particular culture. [87]

declarationA speech act that brings about a change by being uttered, e.g. a judge pronouncing a sentence. See Table 6.1. [53]

128 glossary

deference strategyFeature of interactive talk emphasizing nega­tive politeness,the non-personal, and freedom from imposition. [66]

deictic centerThe speaker's location/time. [9]

deictic expressionSee deixis.[9]

deictic projectionSpeakers acting as if they are somewhere else. [13]

deixis'Pointing' via language, using a deictic expression,e.g. 'this', 'here'. [9]

directiveA speech act used to get someone else to do something, e.g. an order. See Table 6.i. [54]

direct speech actSpeech act where a direct relationship exists between the structure and communicative function of an utter­ance, e.g. using an interrogative form ('Can you ... ?') to ask a question ('Can you swim?'): cf. indirect speech act.[55]

discourse analysisThe study of language use with reference to the social and psychological factors that influence communica­tion. [83]

dispreferredThe structurally unexpected next utterance as a response, e.g. an invitation is normally followed by an accept­ance, so a refusal is dispreferred. [79]

distalAway from the speaker, e.g. 'that', 'there': cf. proximal.[9]

ellipsisThe absence of a word or words from a structural slot.

[23] entailmentSomething that logically follows from what is

asserted. [25] essential conditionIn performing a speech act,a requirement

that the utterance commits the speaker to the act performed. [51] exclusive 'we'Addressee excluded: cf. inclusive 'we'.[11] existential presuppositionAn assumption that someone or

something, identified by use of a noun phrase, does exist. [27] explicit performative A speech actcontaining a performative verb:

cf. implicit performative.[52] expressiveA speech act in which the speaker expresses feelings

or attitudes, e.g. an apology. See Table 6.i. [53]

faceA person's public self-image. [60]

face saving actUtterance or action which avoids apotential threat to a person's public self-image. [61]

glossary 129

face threatening actUtterance or action which threatens a

person's public self-image. [61] face wantsA person's expectations that their public self-image

will be respected. [61] factive presuppositionThe assumption that information stated

after certain words, e.g. 'know', 'regret', is true: cf. non-factive

presupposition.[27] felicity conditionsThe appropriate conditions for a speech actto

be recognized as intended. [50] first partThe first utterance in an adjacency pair,e.g 'How are

you?' See also second part.[77]

floorThe current right to speak in a conversation. [72] foreground entailmentThe main logical consequence of an

utterance. [33] frameA pre-existing knowledge structure with a fixed static

pattern. [86]

general conditionsPreconditions on performing a speech act.[50] generalized conversational implicatureAn additional unstated

meaning that does not depend on special or local knowledge:

cf. conversational implicature.[41]

hedgesCautious notes expressed about how an utterance is to be taken, e.g. 'as far as I know' used when giving some informa­tion. [38]

high considerateness styleA non-interrupting, non-imposing way of taking part in conversation. [76]

high involvement styleAn active, fast-paced, overlapping way of taking part in conversation. [76]

honorificExpression which marks that the addressee is of higher status. [10]

ideational functionThe use of language as a means of giving

structure to thought and experience. [83] Illocutionary Force Indicating Device (IFID)Indication in the

speaker's utterance of the communicative force of that utterance.

[49] illocutionary actor forceThe communicative force of an utterance.

[48]

implicatureA short version of conversational implicature.[35] implicit performativeA speech actwithout a performative verb: cf. explicit performative.[52]

inclusive 'we'Speaker and addressee included: cf. exclusive 'we'.

[11] indexicalsLike deicticexpressions, forms used for 'pointing' via

language. See deixis.[9] indirect speech actSpeech act where an indirect relationship

exists between the structure and communicative function of an

utterance, e.g. the use of an interrogative ('Can you... ?') not to

ask a question, but to make a request ('Can you help me with

this?'): cf. direct speech act.[55] inferenceThe listener's use of additional knowledge to make

sense of what is not explicit in an utterance. [17] insertion sequenceA two part sequence that comes between

the first and second parts of another sequence in conversation.

[77] interlanguage pragmaticsThe study of how non-native speakers

communicate in a second language. [88] interpersonal functionThe use of language for maintaining

social roles and taking part in social interaction. [83]

lexical presuppositionThe assumption that, in using one word, the speaker can act as if another meaning (word) will be under­stood. [28]

local management systemA metaphor for describing the con­ventions for organizing the right to speak in conversation. [72]

locutionary actThe basic act of uttering a meaningful linguistic form. [48]

mannerOne of the maxims,in which the speaker is to be clear,

brief, and orderly. See Table 5.1. [39] maximOne of the four sub-principles of the cooperative principle.

See manner, quantity, quality,and relation.See also Table 5.1. [37] mitigating deviceExpression used to soften an imposition, e.g.

'please'. [63]

negative faceThe need to be independent, not imposed on by others: cf. positive face.[61]

130 GLOSSARY

GLOSSARY 131

negative politenessAwareness of another's right not to be imposed on: cf. positive politeness.[62]

negative politeness strategyAn attempt to demonstrate aware­ness of another's right not to be imposed on: cf. positive po­liteness strategy.[64]

non-factive presuppositionThe assumption that certain in­formation, as presented, is not true: cf. factive presupposition.[29]

off recordUtterances not directly addressed to another. [63] on recordUtterances directly addressed to another. [63] overlapMore than one speaker talking at the same time in conversation. [72]

particularized conversational implicatureAn additional un­stated meaning that depends on special or local knowledge: cf. conversational implicature.[42]

performative hypothesisA proposal that, underlying every utter­ance, there is a clause with a verb that identifies the speech act.[51]

performative verbA verb that explicitly names the speech act,e.g. the verb 'promise' in the utterance 'I promise to be there'. [49]

perlocutionary act/effectThe effect of an utterance used to per­form a speech act.[48,49]

person deixisForms used to point to people, e.g. 'me', 'you'. [9]

politenessShowing awareness of another person's public self-image face wants.[60]

positive faceThe need to be connected, to belong to a group: cf. negative face.[62]

positive politenessShowing solidarity with another: cf. negative politeness.[62]

positive politeness strategyAn appeal to solidarity with another: cf. negative politeness strategy.[64]

potential presuppositionAn assumption typically associated with use of a linguistic form, e.g. the use of the verb 'regret' in 'He regrets doing that' carries an assumption that he actually 'did that'. [27]

pragmatic accentAspects of talk that indicate what is assumed to be communicated without being said. [88]

13Z glossary

pragmatic connectionA conventional association between a person's name and a kind of object, e.g. 'Shakespeare' used to identify a book. [20]

pragmaticsThe study of speaker meaning as distinct from word or sentence meaning. [4]

pre-announcementUtterance before an announcement to check if an announcement can be made. [68]

preference/preference structureA pattern in which one type of utterance will be more typically found in response to another in a conversational sequence, e.g. an acceptance will more typi­cally follow an invitation than a refusal. [79]

preferredThe structurally expected next utterance used in a response. [79]

pre-invitationUtterance before an invitation to check if an invitation can be made. [68]

preparatory conditionsSpecific requirements prior to an utterance in order for it to count as a particular speech act.[50]

pre-requestUtterance before a request to check if a request can be made. [67]

presuppositionSomething the speaker assumes to be the case. [25]

primary performativeAn utterance which performs a speech actbut which does not contain a performative verb.[52]

projection problemThe problem of the presuppositionof a simple structure not surviving when part of a more complex structure. [30]

proximalNear speaker, e.g. 'this', 'here': cf. distal.[9]

psychological distanceSpeaker's marking of how close or dis­tant something is perceived to be. [13]

qualityOne of the maxims,in which the speaker has to be truth­ful. See Table 5.1. [38]

quantityOne of the maxims,in which the speaker has to be neither more or less informative than is necessary. See Table 5.1. [38]

range of referenceAll the possible referents identifiable by use of a word. [21]

glossary 133

referenceAn act by which a speaker uses a word, or words, to enable a listener to identify someone or something. [17]

referential useUsing an expression to identify someone or something when the person or thing is assumed to be known: cf. attributive use.[18]

referring expressionA linguistic form which enables a listener, or reader, to identify something. [17]

relationOne of the maxims,in which the speaker has to be rel­evant. See Table 5.1.

representativeA speech actin which the speaker states what is believed or known, e.g. an assertion. See Table 6.1. [53]

scalar implicatureAn additional meaning of the negative of any value higher on a scale than the one uttered, e.g. in saying 'some children', I create an implicature that what I say does not apply to 'all children'. [41]

schema(plural schemata)A pre-existing knowledge structure in memory typically involving the normal expected patterns of things, e.g. an apartment schema has a kitchen, a bedroom, etc. [85]

scriptA pre-existing knowledge structure for interpreting event sequences, e.g. a visit to the dentist has a script of specific events in sequence (which might start with giving one's name to the receptionist and finish with making a further appointment). [86]

second partThe second or response utterance in an adjacency pair, e.g. 'Fine, thanks'. See first part.[77]

semanticsThe study of how words literally connect to things, or more generally, the investigation of meaning as encoded in lan­guage. [4]

sincerity conditionsRequirements on the genuine intentions of a speaker in order for an utterance to count as a particular speech act.[51]

social deixisForms used to indicate relative social status. [10]

solidarity strategyAn emphasis on the closeness of speaker and addressee. [65]

spatial deixisForms used to point to location, e.g. 'here', 'there': cf. temporal deixis.[9]

speech actAn action performed by the use of an utterance to communicate. [47]

speech eventA set of circumstances in which people interact in some conventional way to arrive at some outcome. [47,57]

structural presuppositionThe assumption that part of a struc­ture contains information being treated as already known. [28]

syntaxThe study of the structures connecting linguistic forms. [4]

tautologyAn apparently meaningless expression in which one word is defined as itself, e.g. 'business is business'. [35]

temporal deixisForms used to point to location in time, e.g. 'now', 'then': cf. spatial deixis.[9]

textual functionThe use of language in the creation of well-formed text. [83]

Transition Relevance Place (TRP)A possible change of speaker point in an interaction. [72]

turnThe opportunity to speak at some point during a conversation. [72]

turn-takingThe change of speaker during conversation. [72]

T/V distinctionA distinction between forms used for a familiar ('tu') and a non-familiar ('vous') addressee, in French and other languages. [10]

zero anaphoraThe absence of an expression in a structural slot where one is assumed, as a way of maintaining reference, e.g. 'Mary mowed the lawn and then _ watered it.' [23]

134 glossary

GLOSSARY 135