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Section 5. “The content of culture. Traits, complexes, and patterns. Universals, alternatives and specialties.


Date: 2015-10-07; view: 363.


Page 83 – 86

 

Words:

persecution

creativity

totality – çä. ñîâîêóïíîñòü

occupation n

occupational sphere

complex culture

culture traits

culture complexes

culture patterns

cultural alternatives

cultural universals

universals

specialties

alternative behaviours

modes of behaviour

normative system

division of labour

to apply to

medical care

identification

to be appropriate for

to be numerous

to range from … to

similarly

 

Phrases:

to dissect smth. into its component parts

to convert smth. into smth.

to learn and observe norms

to be binding upon (all men)

to be justified in doing smth.

to possess characteristics

to vary by occupation

to share views with smb.

to be shared by smb./smth.

to have sexual intercourse

specialization within the society

by virtue of

without exception

real and ideal patterns

at some point

appropriate norms

segments of a society

at all

in fact

in brief

so far

element of culture

to observe customs (Christmas)

to deal with smth./smb.

 

Commentaries and notes:

 

1. a people– íåîïðåäåëåííûé àðòèêëü óêàçûâàåò íà òî, ÷òî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå “people” óïîòðåáëåíî çäåñü â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå â çíà÷åíèè “íàðîä”.

2. unlike – çä. â îòëè÷èå îò.

3. at all – used for emphasis when you are saying or asking whether something is even slightly true, especially after words such as “any”, “anything”, or “nothing” (e.g. Has the situation improved at all? You don't have any money at all. He doesn't known anything at all about computers. This plant will only grow in summer if at all – ýòî ðàñòåíèå, åñëè è âûðàñòåò, òî òîëüêî ëåòîì).

4. meaningful parts – çíà÷èìûå ÷àñòè.

5. So, also, are wearing mini dresses, going to church or sleeping late on Sunday …– çä. óïîòðåáëåíà èíâåðñèÿ: ïîäëåæàùåå wearing … , going … , observing … ñòîÿò ïîñëå ñêàçóåìîãî “are”, èìåííàÿ ÷àñòü êîòîðîãî ïîäðàçóìåâàåòñÿ (“elements of culture” – èç ïðåäûäóùåãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: “Going to bed … is an element of culture).

6. whenever– ñîþç â íà÷àëå óñòóïèòåëüíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: “âñÿêèé ðàç êîãäà”, “êîãäà áû íè”. Ñì. “A Grammar Workbook” p. 271.

7. an item under consideration– ðàññìàòðèâàåìûé ýëåìåíò (êóëüòóðû).

8. … seldomm, if ever, exist – çä. (ñîêðàùåííîå) ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå îò ïðåäïîëàãàåìîãî “if they ever exist”, ïåðåâîäèòñÿ “åñëè îíè âîîáùå ñóùåñòâóþò”.

9. flick knife – ñêëàäíîé íîæ, îòêðûâàþùèéñÿ ëåãêèì íàæàòèåì ïàëüöà.

10. The concept is not defined that precisely– “that” â çíà÷åíèè “íàñòîëüêî“, “òàê“.

11. at the other extreme – â äðóãîé êðàéíîñòè.

12. in relation to– çä. îòíîñèòåëüíî.

13. quite arbitrarily– ñîâåðøåííî ïðîèçâîëüíî, óñëîâíî.

14. to neatly classify– Split Infinitive (ðàñêîëîòûé èíôèíèòèâ), íàðå÷èå “neatly” ñòîèò ìåæäó ÷àñòèöåé “to” è çíà÷èìîé ÷àñòüþ èíôèíèòèâà “classify”, ïîä÷åðêèâàÿ íåðàçðûâíóþ ñâÿçü ñ èíôèíèòèâîì è îáðàçóÿ íîâîå çíà÷åíèå: íå ïðîñòî êëàññèôèöèðîâàòü, à òî÷íî, àêêóðàòíî êëàññèôèöèðîâàòü.

15. … has come to permeat many aspects of life – åñëè ïîñëå ãëàãîëà “come” óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ èíôèíèòèâ ñ ÷àñòèöåé “to”, ãëàãîë “come” îçíà÷àåò íà÷àëî äåéñòâèÿ/ñîñòîÿíèÿ, âûðàæåííîãî ñëåäóþùèì çà íèì èíôèíèòèâîì.

16. these modes of behaviour are shared by other groups = are observed by other groups.

17. The concept of specialties takes us one step further to norms that are neither universal nor are they equally available to all of the members of society– â êîíñòðóêöèè “… neither … nor” â îïðåäåëèòåëüíîì ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ïîñëå “nor” â ïðåäïîçèöèè óïîòðåáëåíà ÷àñòè÷íàÿ èíâåðñèÿ (ãëàãîë “are” ñòîèò ïåðåä ïîäëåæàùèì “they” è çàòåì èäåò èìåííàÿ ÷àñòü ñêàçóåìîãî “available”). Ñì. Part II “A Grammar Workbook” p. 268.

 

Exercises:

 

1. Find Russian equivalents for:

 

the totality of the learned behaviors; the products of learned behaviour; under the rubric of learned behaviour; the whole store of human knowledge and creativity; to acquire knowledge; to conceive; to deal with; persecution; cultural alternatives; occupational groups; modes of behaviour; to be binding upon smb.; specialties; appropriate norms; so far; unlike smth./smb.; general public; discrepancy; depravity of man; inconsistencies; arbitrarily; the level of abstraction or generality of a discussion; to organize culture traits into larger wholes; segments of a society; to dissect smth. into its component parts; to vary by age, sex and occupation; by virtue of; to be justifified in doing smth.; creativity; complex culture; to apply to; medical care; identification; to range from … to; at all.

 

2. Find English equivalents for:

 

ýëåìåíòû êóëüòóðû; ðàññìàòðèâàåìûé âîïðîñ; äåëèòü ÷òî-ëèáî íà çíà÷èìûå ÷àñòè; ñîáëþäàòü îáû÷àè; ïîäîáíûì æå îáðàçîì; â ðóáðèêå; ïðîèçâîëüíî (óñëîâíî); áëàãîäàðÿ (÷åìó-ëèáî); áåç èñêëþ÷åíèÿ; ðàçäåëåíèå òðóäà; ñôåðà çàíÿòîñòè; íîðìàòèâíàÿ ñèñòåìà; ðåàëüíûå (ñóùåñòâóþùèå) è èäåàëüíûå îáðàçöû; áûòü îáÿçàòåëüíûìè äëÿ êîãî-òî; îñîáåííîñòè; ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå (ïîäõîäÿùèå) íîðìû; èìåòü äåëî ñ … ; â îòëè÷èå îò; îáùåñòâåííîñòü; ïîðî÷íîñòü; â äðóãîé êðàéíîñòè; ðàçäåëÿòü âçãëÿäû ñ êåì-ëèáî; êîðî÷å ãîâîðÿ; äî ñèõ ïîð (ïîêà); êóëüòóðíûå îáðàçöû; âñÿêèé ðàç êîãäà (êîãäà áû íè); êóëüòóðíûå óíèâåðñàëèè.

 

3. Answer the questions:

 

1. What does culture consist of and what does it include?

2. Why do most social scientists believe the essence of culture lies in its nonmaterial aspects? How do they explain it?

3. What other elements of culture besides the knowledge acquired in different ways are included within culture?

4. What culture elements dealing with habits and customs are mentioned in the text?

5. What is culture in brief?

6. How are culture elements classified?

7. How are the smallest units of culture defined and what do they form?

8. What minimum and maximum number of related traits are necessary to organize culture traits into larger wholes? (Complex culture).

9. When do we begin calling related traits culture patterns?

10. What terms are useful in communicating about culture?

11. What is the aim of discussion about culture?

12. How can culture traits and culture complexes be classified? And how have social norms been classified?

13. What does the term “universals” refer to?

14. What are United States' norms as far as the police persecution of blacks is concerned?

15. What is not accepted by growing numbers of young people in U.S.?

16. Give us the definition of cultural alternatives? Provide an example.

17. What are cultural specialties and how do they vary? Provide some examples.

18. By what means does culture promote order in a society?

19. Are all norms binding upon all members of the society?

20. What is permitted for some individuals and groups of the society?

 

4. Translate the following sentences:

 

1. Whenever the item under consideration cannot be devided into meaningful parts, we are dealing with culture traits. (If necessary consult “A Grammar Workbook” p. 270 – 271).

2. Instead, they exist in relation to other traits, with which they form what are called culture complexes. (“A Grammar Workbook” p. 272).

3. To illustrate: the capitalist ethic may have been a universal in the United States only a generation or so ago but appears not to be accepted by growing members of young people. (“A Grammar Workbook” p. 215, 179 – 180).

4. The concept of specialties takes us one step further to norms that are neither universals nor are they equally available to all of the members of society.

5. Most social scientists believe the essence of culture to lie in its nonmaterial aspects. (“A Grammar Workbook” p. 179 – 180).

6. Also included within culture are habits and customs of a people. (“A Grammar Workbook” p. 267 – 269).

7. Going to bed at 10.00 P.M. or 1:00 A.M. – in fact, using a bed at all – is an element of culture.

8. At some point in this process where the number of related traits has become very large and has come to permeate many aspects of life, we generally stop referring to them as culture complexes and begin to call them culture patterns. (“A Grammar Workbook” p. 203).

9. Cultural alternatives are norms that offer to individuals a choice of behaviors, with the various possibilities being almost equally acceptable. (“A Grammar Workbook” p. 198 – 199).

5. Match the words from the left column with the words from the right one:

 

a).

1. norms a. views with somebody
2. to be binding b. to have
3. system c. within the society
4. alternatives d. modes of
5. to share e. from … to …
6. sexual intercourse f. to observe
7. specialization g. to possess
8. behaviour h. by occupation
9. to range i. to learn and observe …
10. customs j. urgent
11. characteristics k. upon all men
12. to vary l. normative
13. medical care m. cultural

 

b).

Find in the text as many combinations with the words “culture”, “norms” and “patterns” as possible.

 

6. Complete the following sentences using the text:

 

1. The essence of art, sculpture, and music … … not in statues, paintings, and musical scores, but in … of form, colour, function, and so on.

2. Cultural elements … traits, complexes and patterns.

3. The term, universals, refers to … of a society.

4. … traits … in isolation.

5. Most norms are not … all memders of the society and … is permitted.

6. The aim of deviding culture into traits, complexes, patterns is not … each cultural element into various categories, but to permit … of a discussion.

7. What does culture consist … ? It consists … a society.

 

7. Match the words from the left column to their meaning on the right:

 

1. to apply a. to show that there is a good reason for something that other people think is wrong
2. totality b. used for showing that two ideas are related or connected
3. medical care c. to take action to do something, especially to solve a problem, or to take the action that is necessary when you are involved with a particular person
4. appropriate d. communication between people or activities that people do together
5. similarly e. suitable or right for a particular situation or purpose
6. intercourse (social) f. the state of being complete or whole; the total number or amount of something
7. to deal with smb./smth. g. to make an official request for a job or a place in a college or university, or for permission to do or have something
8. to justify h. the system of providing medical help to those who need it

 

8. Find in the text:

 

a). Infinitive constructions: Complex Object and Complex Subject (2 on page 83, 1 on page 84 and 1 on page 85). Translate them into Russian.

b). Absolute Participle Constructions (Ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûé ïðè÷àñòíûé îáîðîò) on page 85. Translate them into Russian. It necessary consult Part II “A Grammar Workbook” p. 199.

 

9. Complete the tables:

a).

verb noun adjective
create ¾ ¾
¾ violence ¾
convert ¾ ¾
¾ ¾ permissive
communicate ¾ ¾
¾ ¾ applicable
¾ ¾ identical
¾ ¾ occupational
¾ justification ¾
¾ ¾ conceptual

 

b).

noun adjective adverb
univesalities ¾ ¾
¾ alternative ¾
¾ ¾ totally
¾ arbitrary ¾
rarity ¾ ¾
¾ ¾ specially

 

10. Translate into English:

 

a).

1. Ñàìûå ìàëåíüêèå ôðàãìåíòû êóëüòóðû îïðåäåëÿþòñÿ êàê ýëåìåíòû êóëüòóðû.

2. Êóëüòóðíûå àëüòåðíàòèâû ýòî íîðìû, êîòîðûå ïðåäëàãàþò èíäèâèäó âûáîð îáðàçöîâ ïîâåäåíèÿ.

3. Êîãäà ìû ïåðåñòàåì íàçûâàòü ðîäñòâåííûå ýëåìåíòû êóëüòóðû òàêîâûìè (as such) è íà÷èíàåì íàçûâàòü èõ îáðàçöàìè êóëüòóðû?

4. Êóëüòóðà ñïîñîáñòâóåò óñòàíîâëåíèþ ïîðÿäêà â îáùåñòâå ÷åðåç åå íîðìàòèâíóþ ñèñòåìó.

5. Êàêèå ñîöèàëüíûå ïåðåìåíû ìîãóò îáðàùàòü ïðåæíèå óíèâåðñàëèè â êóëüòóðíûå àëüòåðíàòèâû?

6. Êàê íàçûâàþòñÿ íîðìû, êîòîðûå ïîäõîäÿò òîëüêî äëÿ îïðåäåëåííûõ èíäèâèäîâ èëè ãðóïï áëàãîäàðÿ íåêîòîðûì õàðàêòåðèñòèêàì, êîòîðûìè îíè îáëàäàþò?

7. Ìû èìååì äåëî ñ êóëüòóðíûì ýëåìåíòîì êîãäà ðàññìàòðèâàåìûé ýëåìåíò íå ìîæåò áûòü ðàçäåëåí íà çíà÷èìûå ÷àñòè.

 

 

b).

Îäíèì èç ýëåìåíòîâ êóëüòóðû ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñîöèàëüíûå íîðìû, êîòîðûå äåëÿòñÿ íà óíèâåðñàëèè, àëüòåðíàòèâû è îñîáåííîñòè.

Òåðìèí óíèâåðñàëèè îòíîñèòñÿ ê òåì íîðìàì, êîòîðûå ïðèñóùè âñåì ÷ëåíàì îáùåñòâà.  áîëüøèíñòâå îáùåñòâ íàñòîÿùèå óíèâåðñàëèè – ðåäêîå ÿâëåíèå. Êðîìå òîãî ñîöèàëüíûå èçìåíåíèÿ ìîãóò ïðåîáðàçîâàòü áûâøèå óíèâåðñàëèè â êóëüòóðíûå àëüòåðíàòèâû.

Êóëüòóðíûå àëüòåðíàòèâû – ýòî íîðìû, êîòîðûå ïðåäëàãàþò èíäèâèäàì âûáîð ìîäåëè ïîâåäåíèÿ, ïðè ýòîì ðàçëè÷íûå âàðèàíòû ïðèíèìàþòñÿ íà ðàâíûõ îñíîâàíèÿõ. Àëüòåðíàòèâû âñòðå÷àþòñÿ ìíîãî ÷àùå, ÷åì óíèâåðñàëèè.

Îñîáåííîñòè ÿâëÿþòñÿ íîðìàìè, ïðèåìëåìûìè ëèøü äëÿ îïðåäåëåííûõ èíäèâèäîâ èëè ãðóïï â ñèëó õàðàêòåðíûõ ÷åðò, êîòîðûìè îíè îáëàäàþò. Êàê ïðàâèëî îñîáåííîñòè îáúÿñíÿþòñÿ ðàçäåëåíèåì òðóäà è ðàçëè÷àþòñÿ ïî âîçðàñòó, ïîëó, ðîäó çàíÿòèé (ïî ïðîôåññèÿì).

 

11. Translate from English into Russian the definition of the term “universals” given in the Glossary and from Russian into English the definition of the term “óíèâåðñàëèè”. Compare the two definitions and comment on it.

 

12. Give the main idea of the texts “The content of culture”, “Traits, complexes, and patterns” and “Universals, alternatives and specialties”.

 

 


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Section 4. “The problem of cultural lag”. | Section 6. ”Real and ideal patterns”.
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