Section 6. ”Real and ideal patterns”.

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 437.

Page 86 – the first 2 lines on page 89

Words:

distinction

taxpayer

income

nonconformist

discrepancy

evidence

inconsistencies

depravity (of man)

constrains

checks

concessions

offence

to conceal

to advocate

to distribute (goods)

to abuse

to tolerate

to panalize

to grant = to give

to contain

to cause = to bring about

to oversimplify

fidelity

divorce

spouses

amateur adj.

consequently

welfare

Phrases:

to be equal under the law

to support a belief

to miss the point

to follow policies

to discriminate against smb.

to serve as …

to close one's eyes to smth.

to involve the risk of …

to be reluctant to enter extramarital affairs

to feel guilty

to be common

to commit an offence

to be legal ground for divorce

to hold down the divorce rate

to come to realize

to disrupt the marriage

to seek divorce/goals

to take another illustration, …

marital fidelity

to cause smb. to do smth. = to make smb. do smth.

to some extent

as such

social control

in practice = in fact

formal norms

Commentaries and notes:

1. … distinction to be made concerning the content of culture– инфинитив “to be made …” употреблен здесь в функции определения и переводится придаточным определительным предложением с идеей долженствования.

2. has to do with– зд. связано с (It has nothing to do with me – это никак не связано со мной, это не имеет никакого отношения ко мне).

3. formal norms – официально признанные нормы.

4. Outwardly, people pretend that these goals are vigorously sought= people do their best to show and make everybody believe that these goals are vigorously sought.

5. … to give short weight = to underweight.

6. Internal Revenue Service– Налоговое управление США. Собираемые налоги составляют ¾ всех поступлений в федеральный бюджет (в среднем 200 млрд. долларов в год, в виде подоходного налога <income tax> и налогов на корпорации <corporate income tax>). Граждане США ежегодно направляют в местные органы управления свои налоговые декларации <tax return>.

7. nonconformist= a person who does not follow generally accepted ways of living, thinking; инакомыслящий.

8. avancular admonition– дядюшкины увещевания.

9. to preserve families intact= to avoid families breaking/disrupting.

10. in the terms of the divorce– зд. в соответствии с предусмотренными условиями развода.

11. What responsibility there was for disrupting the marriage generally was shared by both spouses– “was shared” – является сказуемым этого предложения, а подлежащее выражено целым придаточным предложением “What … the marriage”, в котором “what” является определением к “responsibility” и означает “та“; “та которая имела место”. (См. Part II “A Grammar Workbook” p. 271 – 272).

12. semitolerated extramarital sex behaviour– попустительское отношение к внебрачным связям, проявление терпимости к … .

13. take cognizance of the fact that– следует обратить внимание на тот факт, что … .

Exercises:

1. Find Russian equivalents for:

welfare; to distribute goods; to be discriminated against; to follow policies that are likely to cause war; ideal culture patterns; to seek goals; taxpayers; high officials; discrepancy; empirical evidence; to support a belief; to be permeated with inconsistencies; a moral judgement; in practice; to miss the point; to serve the functions; defective goods; to abuse; to be legitimate; the concurrent existence of real and ideal culture patterns; extramarital affairs; to preserve families intact; at all; to be reluctant to smth.; to be common; constrains; to be legal ground for divorce; to be panalized in the terms of divorce; to hold down the divorce rate; judges came to realize; to grant divorces; in accord with.

2. Find English equivalents for:

правильные нормы; быть равными по закону; преследовать цель; обвешивать; скрывать доходы; собрать доказательства; уступки; не понять основную идею, мысль; общественный контроль; законный; содействовать/угрожать стабильности общества; закрыть глаза на … ; терпеть (проявлять терпение к …); вызывать распад семьи; чувствовать себя виновным; держать под контролем поведение; развод; в течение долгого времени; совершить проступок; супружеская верность; внебрачные отношения; как таковой; благосостояние; вообще/совсем.

3. Answer the questions:

1. What final distinction should be made concerning the content of culture and why is it necessary?

2. What do ideal culture patterns consist of?

3. What is trumpeted through the press in US society?

4. Will you give some examples of ways in which the actual behaviour of people conflicts with the society's official norms?

5. Are the discrepancies between the real behaviour of people and the ideal patterns fewer in more complex societies?

6. What is American complex culture permeated with?

7. What could one say about the real culture patterns? Why would it mean missing the point?

8. How many functions do the concurrent existence of real and ideal culture pattern serve in the society?

9. What can serve as constraints and checks upon the real patterns?

10. What idea is inherent in the concept of culture?

11. What do we close our eyes to?

12. How does the real culture pattern help to preserve families intact?

13. What does the ideal pattern of marital fidelity cause people to do?

14. In what case might divorces be even more common than they are today?

15. What is one of the functions of the ideal culture patterns?

16. What is the second function of the ideal culture pattern?

17. Are the ideal culture patterns better attuned to present conditions?

18. When can a divorce be traditionally secured according to the ideal norms?

19. Which norms help to hold down the divorce rate?

20. What did judges come to realize when the conditions of marriage changed?

21. Who was responsibility for disrupting the marriage generally shared by?

22. On what concept did judges begin to grant divorces?

23. Were the real patterns of divorce very much similar to the ideal ones?

4. Translate the following sentences into Russian:

1. In our society people are supposed to be equal under the law, and our political leaders are supposed to work for peace.

2. These ideal patterns are advocated from the pulpit, and are taught in the classroom.

3. Manufacturers distribute goods that they know to be defective, congressmen support the expansion of military facilities in their districts, and high officials deliberatly follow policies that are likely to cause war.

4. To correct the real culture patterns, however, would be to miss the point. The point is that the real patterns are as legitimate a part of the culture as the ideal patterns are.

5. The idea of the regulation of behaviour is inherent in the concept of culture.

6. Many real culture patterns probably represent concession to the fact that human behaviour cannot be controlled perfectly to promote the stability and welfare of the total society.

7. Moreover, what responsibility there was for disrupting the marriage generally was shared by both spouses. Consequently, judges began to grant divorces on some kind of vague concept of the welfare of the parents and their children.

5. Complete the following sentences. Use the text:

1. Blacks and ethnic group members are … , nonconformists are … public, taxpayers … the Internal Revenue Service.

2. The extent … from the ideal patterns … to another.

3. Extramarital affairs … of emotional involvement … that might … their marriages in order to continue the relationship.

4. A second function is almost … first.

5. To some … , the ideal culture patterns represent … experiences.

6. … a long period of time, however, … changed.

7. The final distinction … of culture has … .

8. Ideal culture patterns consist … .

9. Some ideal patterns are … through the press, and … from the pulpit.

10. Merchants give … , nonconformists … by the police and … .

11. Only in such a society would … to “do as I say, and not as I do”.

12. One could simply … and say that the real culture patterns … of man, that they are … and … .

13. The real culture pattern, widespread … helps to preserve by not automatically … every time a violation occurs.

14. The ideal pattern of marital fidelity … affairs.

6. Match the words from the left column with their definitions on the right (if necessary consult the text):

7. Match the words from the left column with their definitions on the right. Think of sentences of your own using the words of the left column:

8. Complete the following table:

9. Give the opposites to the following words:

1. professional

2. discriminative

3. overweight

4. formal

5. legitimate

6. stable

7. moral

8. legal

10. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. На самом деле реальное поведение людей сильно отличается от идеальных образцов.

2. Идеальные образцы могут служить в качестве фактора сдерживания и контроля за реально существующими образцами, они также (контролируют) сдерживают такое поведение людей, которое могло бы угрожать стабильности общества.

3. Сделать так означало бы не понимать основную идею.

4. В какой-то степени идеальные культурные образцы больше созвучны с прошлыми, чем с существующими в данное время условиями.

5. Идеальные образцы супружеской верности заставляют людей чувствовать себя виноватыми, когда они вступают во внебрачные отношения.

6. Если бы идеальные нормы не сдерживали поведение людей, то разводы могли бы стать более частым явлением, чем это имеет место сегодня.

7. Реально существующие образцы разводов стали в корне отличаться от идеальных образцов, предусмотренных законом.

8. Идеальные культурные образцы строятся на основании официально признанных норм общества, а реальные культурные образцы описывают поведение, которое часто расходится с этими официально признанными нормами.

11. Translate from English into Russian the definition of the term “way of life” given in the “Glossary” and from Russian into English the definition of the term “образ жизни”. Compare the two definitions and comment on it.

12. Give the main idea of the text “Real and ideal patterns”.