Section 7. “Specific cultures. Subcultures. Contracultures”.
Date: 2015-10-07; view: 453.
Page 89 – 92
Words:
subcultures
modifiers
elaboration
to perpetuate
rudiments
to be aware of (smth.)
awareness
to approximate
monogamy
polygyny
plain adj.
contracultures
to assume
to reject
frustration
to encounter
hypocritical
to replace
to disapprove of
to afford
conformity
to presume
presumably
Phrases:
social heritage of manking
biological regulation of behaviour
enclaves of people
communal living
interrelated sets of behaviour patterns
specific culture
precise boundary
to set off cultural specialties from subcultures
to use the term carefully (çä. îñòîðîæíî)
with full awareness of smth.
to develop a distinctive way of life
a distinctive subculture
to live out one's life
to wear plain black clothes
to be exposed to smth.
the basic values
occupational groups
acquisition of material possessions
to find solace in smth.
in time
to stand in direct opposition to …
to be a response to
to meet the criterion
to earn one's living through quasi-legal activities
Commentaries and notes:
1. Amish community – a group of people who follow a branch of the Christian religion which has many rules about behaviour e.g. they must wear a certain kind of clothing and must not use machinery. They live mainly in the American states of Pensylvania and Ohio. The Amish have often gone to court to protect their religions way of life. The Amish – ìîðìîíû.
2. delinquent youth– ïðåñòóïíàÿ ìîëîäåæü.
3. to be prone to smth.– áûòü ñêëîííûì ê … , èìåòü ñêëîííîñòü ê … .
4. occupational groups– ïðîôåññèîíàëüíûå ãðóïïû, ãðóïïû ïî ïðîôåññèÿì.
5. to be exposed to values of occupational success– çä. âèäåòü öåííîñòü ïðîôåññèîíàëüíîãî óñïåõà.
6. yet– can be used in the following ways: 1) as an adverb (íàðå÷èå) in interrogative and negative sentences and then it is translated as “åùå”, “óæå”, “åùå íå” (I haven't seen him yet <åùå>. Have you had your lunch yet <óæå>. He hasn't come yet <åùå íå>). 2) as a conjunction (ñîþç) when it connects two words, phrases or clauses and then it is translated as “îäíàêî”. (The weather was cold, yet bright and sunny. Her advice seems strange, yet I believe she's right. The novel is 800 pages long. Yet I read it more quickly than many shorter books).
7. to be referred to as– íàçûâàòüñÿ.
8. quasi-legal (activities) – in some ways, partly, pseudo.
Exercises:
1. Find Russian equivalents for:
to assume; to approximate; the acguisition of material goods; special way of life; presumably; modifiers; rudiments; frustration; specific culture; to reject; to replace; to approve/disapprove of … ; conformity; to perpetuate; to earn one's living through quasi-legal activities; to meet the criterion; communal living groups; to find solace in smth.
2. Find English equivalents for:
ãîñïîäñòâóþùèå öåííîñòè; ïðèîáðåòåíèå ìàòåðèàëüíûõ áëàã; ïðåñòóïíàÿ ìîëîäåæü; íàõîäèòü óòåøåíèå (âûõîä); ñîâìåñòíî ïðîæèâàþùèå ãðóïïû ëþäåé; îñíîâíûå öåííîñòè; ñîöèàëüíîå íàñëåäèå ÷åëîâå÷åñòâà; îñîáàÿ êóëüòóðà; îòâåðãàòü; ñî âðåìåíåì; áûòü îòâåòîì íà … ; îòâå÷àòü êðèòåðèþ; çàðàáàòûâàòü íà æèçíü íåçàêîííîé èëè ïîëóçàêîííîé äåÿòåëüíîñòüþ; êóëüòóðíûå îñîáåííîñòè; ïîëèãèíèÿ; íàõîäèòüñÿ â ïðÿìîì ïðîòèâîðå÷èè ñ … ; ïðîæèòü æèçíü; ñ ïîëíûì îñîçíàíèåì ÷åãî-ëèáî; çàìåíèòü (ñìåíèòü); íåîäîáðèòü.
3. Answer the questions:
1. What may the term “culture” refer to?
2. What does the term “culture”, used without any modifiers, refer to?
3. What modifiers can be used and what do they imply?
4. What universals in American society are supposed to be shared by all Americans?
5. Are there any exceptions? If there are, give some examples.
6. What is special about Amish communities?
7. What does a subculture consist of and what does it represent?
8. What term is often used to refer to distinct ways of life of occupational groups?
9. How may the rudiments of a subculture be formed?
10. Why cann't we say that subcultures are completery separated from the larger cultures?
11. How can the concept of subculture be most legitimately used?
12. When did the concept of contraculture come into sociology?
13. What kind of societies are prone to the development of contracultures? Provide some examples.
14. What brought about contracultures? What can be seen as a reason for the emergence of contracultures?
15. What are delinquent youth exposed to and what do they soon come to learn?
16. What do they find solace in?
17. What is loyalty to the larger society replaced with in the gang?
18. Why can't we say that contracultures are completely separated from the larger society?
4. Make up word combinations matching the words from the left and right columns:
| 1. to develop | a. a response to |
| 2. to live | b. in direct opposition to smth. |
| 3. to find | c. the criterion |
| 4. to stand | d. cultural specialties from from subcultures |
| 5. to meet | e. in the values of the larger society |
| 6. to set off | f. communal |
| 7. to be | g. regulation of behaviour |
| 8. living | h. heritage of mankind |
| 9. biological | i. a distinctive way of life |
| 10. social | j. cultures |
| 11. specific | k. solace in smth. |
| 12. acquisition | l. of material goods |
| 13. to share | m. the basic values |
| 14. to reject | n. out one's life |
| 15. to encounter | o. delinquent |
| 16. youth | p. serious frustration |
5. Match the words from the left column with their definitions on the right:
| 1. to reject | a. the process of changing something slightly, especially in order to improve it |
| 2. to encounter | b. knowledge or understanding of a subject, issue or situation |
| 3. to afford | c. the art, buildings, traditions and beliefs that a society considers important to its history and culture |
| 4. to interconnect | d. to not agree to an offer, proposal or request |
| 5. hypocritical | e. to be able to do or get something when you have enough money to pay for it |
| 6. heritage | f. to experience or deal with something, especially a problem; to meet someone or see something for the first time |
| 7. modification | j. claiming to have certain moral principles or beliefs but behaving in a way that shows you are not sincere |
| 8. frustration | h. to connect two things to or with each other or to be connected with each other |
| 9. awareness | i. an annoyed or impatient feeling that you get when you are prevented from doing what you want |
| 10. acquisition | j. the process of learning skills or getting knowledge; the process of buying something or obtaining it in some other way |
6. Translate the following sentences. Paraphrase sentences 1, 2, 3:
1. Large, complex societies such as our own are believed to be particularly prone to the development of contracultures and the best illustration from American society is usually agreed to be that of the delinquent gang.
2. True contracultures, like true subcultures, probably must cover the whole life cycle and must be transmitted from generation to generation. The delinquent contraculture appears to come close to meeting this criterion.
3. There is no precise boundary that sets off cultural specialties from subcultures.
4. Yet the concept of subculture is a useful one, especially when the term is used carefully and with full awareness of its inherent ambiguities.
5. There are certain aspects of American culture, that were earlier referred to as universals, which presumably are shared by all Americans.
6. In contrast to the situation involving what are called culture specialties, one typically is born into a group having a distinctive subculture, he grows up in it, he may marry within it, and live out his life in it.
7. Complete the following sentences using the text:
1. A subculture really consist of … .
2. The word “culture” may refer … or … .
3. There still exist … in the rural southwest who … .
4. The idea of communal living has become … .
5. Nor is there any completely satisfactory way … a part.
6. They have developed a distinctive … society.
7. The concept of contracultures came … patterns that are directly … .
8. Other examples of contraculture in American society are … and others.
9. Contracultures are believed to be a response to … in the values of the larger society.
10. As to the gang members successful stealing becomes … and … analogous to that … education.
8. Insert prepositions (use the text) and use the phrases in sentences of your own:
1. to come … existence
2. … time
3. … contrast …
4. … full awareness … smth.
5. … to come close … meeting this criterion
6. to be prone … smth.
7. to be refered … …
8. to be exposed … smth.
9. to stand … direct opposition … smth./smb.
10. to find solace … smth.
11. to live … one's life
12. to transmit smth. … father … son
9. Complete the following table:
| verb | noun | adjective |
| ¾ | ¾ | assumed |
| to regulate | ¾ | ¾ |
| ¾ | ¾ | conformable |
| to occupy | ¾ | ¾ |
| ¾ | ¾ | presuming |
| to replace | ¾ | ¾ |
| ¾ | perpetuation | ¾ |
| ¾ | ¾ | approximate |
| ¾ | ¾ | acquisitive |
10. Translate into English:
1. Ìû ëèøü ìèìîõîäîì óïîìÿíóëè î òîì, ÷òî êàæäîå îáùåñòâî èìååò êóëüòóðó, íî íè÷åãî íå ñêàçàëè î òîì, â êàêèõ ðàçëè÷íûõ çíà÷åíèÿõ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òåðìèí “êóëüòóðà”.
2. Ñóáêóëüòóðà ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé ðàçâèòèå êîíöåïöèè êóëüòóðíûõ îñîáåííîñòåé, êîãäà îòäåëüíûå ãðóïïû âíóòðè îáùåñòâà ðàçäåëÿþò îïðåäåëåííûé íàáîð îáðàçöîâ ïîâåäåíèÿ, íå õàðàêòåðíûõ äëÿ áîëüøåé ÷àñòè îáùåñòâà. Ìû ìîæåì ãîâîðèòü î ñóáêóëüòóðå, êîãäà ãðóïïû ñîõðàíÿþò ôèçè÷åñêóþ èëè ñîöèàëüíóþ èçîëÿöèþ (èëè è òó, è äðóãóþ) îò äðóãèõ ãðóïï îáùåñòâà è êîãäà îíè âûðàáàòûâàþò ñâîé ñîáñòâåííûé îáðàç æèçíè, îòäåëÿþùèé èõ îò îñòàëüíîé ÷àñòè îáùåñòâà. Íå ñóùåñòâóåò íèêàêîé ÷åòêîé ãðàíèöû, îòäåëÿþùåé êóëüòóðíûå îñîáåííîñòè îò ñóáêóëüòóð.
3. Ñëîâî “êóëüòóðà”, åñëè îíî èñïîëüçóåòñÿ áåç êàêèõ-ëèáî óòî÷íåíèé, êàê ïðàâèëî ïîäðàçóìåâàåò êóëüòóðó â åå íàèáîëåå àáñòðàêòíîé è îáùåé ôîðìå.
4. Íåèçâåñòíî ÷òî òî÷íî ïîðîäèëî êîíòðêóëüòóðó.
5. Êàê è â ñëó÷àå ñ ñóáêóëüòóðàìè, ãäå äîìèíàíòíûå öåííîñòè íå íàõîäÿòñÿ â ïðÿìîé îïïîçèöèè öåííîñòÿì îñòàëüíîãî îáùåñòâà, êîíòðêóëüòóðû íå ïîëíîñòüþ îòäåëåíû îò äîìèíèðóþùåé êóëüòóðû.
11. Translate from English into Russian the definition of the term “subculture” given in the “Glossary” and from Russian into English the definition of the word “ñóáêóëüòóðà”. Compare the two definitions and comment on it. Do the same thing with the terms “contraculture” and “êîíòðêóëüòóðà“.
12. Give the main idea of the texts: “Specific cultures”, “Subcultures” and “Contracultures”.
| <== previous lecture | | | next lecture ==> |
| Section 6. ”Real and ideal patterns”. | | | Section 8. “Cultural variability. Cultural relativity. Ethnocentrism”. |