Sound imitation (Onomatopoeia)

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 762.

The aim of the derivational analysis – to establish derivational structure of a word, having defined, from what (from what making base) and by means of what (with what help дериватора, i.e. word-formation means) the analyzed word is formed.

1. Productive and non-productive affixes. The difference between productivity and its frequency

Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding derivational affixes to different types of bases. Living affixes are easily separated from the stem (care-ful). Dead affixes have become fully merged with the stem and can be singled out by a diachronic analysis of the development of the word (admit - L.- ad + mittere). Living affixes are in their turn divided into productive(derivational affix that is take part in the derivation of new words, e.g non- is a productive affix) and non-productive affixes. (are those that do not take part in deriving new words in modern English. E.g.: Noun: -th, -hood, -ship-, dom. Adjective: -ly, -some, -ous, -ful. Verb: -en, -fy. Adverb: -wards. ) In many cases the choice of the affixes is a means of differentiating meaning:

uninterested - disinterested distrust – mistrust

productivity - makes many new words, frequency - frequency of the use, that is the suffix can not make any more new words, but nevertheless with it it is a lot of слованализируемое a word.

1. Classification of affixes(suffixes, prefixes, infixes, etymology)

Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding derivational affixes to different types of bases. Affixes are subdivided into: Functional affixes. They serve to convey grammatical meaning. They build different forms of one and the same word. E.g.: near-nearer-nearest Derivational affixes. They serve to supply the stem with components of lexical and lexico-grammatical meaning and form different words. E.g.: heart-hearty, care-careless.

Affixation is subdivided into suffixation (is the formation of words with the help of suffixes) and prefixation(is the formation of words with the help of prefixes). There 2 types of prefixes that are to be distinguished: 1) those not correlated with any independent word (un-, post-, dis-) 2) those correlated with functional words (prepositions or preposition-like adverbs – out-, up-, under-)

Diachronically distinction is made between prefixes of native and foreign origin.

Synchronically prefixes may be classified: 1) according to the class of words they form (verb-forming – to undo, noun-forming); 2) as to the type of lexical-grammatical character of the base they are added to into: deverbal (rewrite), denominal (ex-president), deadjectival (uneasy);3) as to the generic denotational meaning: negative prefixes (un-, non-, in-, dis-), resersative or private prefixes (un-, de-, dis-; untie, disconnect), prefixes of time and order (fore-,pre-, post-,ex-), prefix of repetition re-, locative prefixes (super-, sub-, trans-); 4) according to their stylistic reference 5) prefixes may be also classified as to the degree of productivity into highly-productive (re-), productive and non-productive (,-fore – to foresee).6)they may be mono- polysemantic

Suffixes may be classified: 1) the part of speech formed: noun-suffixes (-er, -ness), adj.-suffixes (-able, -ic), verb-suffixes (-en, -ize), adverb-suffixes (-ly,-ward). 2) according to the lexico-grammatical character of the base: deverbal (-er, -ment), denominal (-less,-ist), de-adj (-ly, -ish) 3) stylistic reference: neutral (-able, -er) and stylistic value (-oid, -aceous, -tron) 4) the degree of productivity. ( productive – ly; -full; - ness; non-productive -ous, -th– famous, depth, -ard – drunkard). ?origin – tion,ment,able – Roman; ist,ism,ize – Greek; er,ful,less - native?

An infix is placed within a word; these are rare in English, though cupful can be made plural as cupsful by inserting the plural s as an infix

1. Word-building in affixation

-suffixes

-prefixes

-allomorphs-variants of one and the same morpheme([-z]/[-s]/[-iz], как показатель множественного числа существительных.)

-combining forms- astron «star»-astronomy, bios «life»-biology

-hybrids – words are made up of elements derived from 2 or more languages readable – English root and affix that is derived from Latin and borrowed from French

1. Conversion. Semantic relation through conversion

Conversion- zero derivation, is highly productive in replenishing the Engl. voc. with new words Conversion may be studied sinchronically and diachronically. Synchronically we deal with pairs of words related through conversion that coexist in contemporary English. These 2 ingredients –the lexical m-ng of the root-morpheme and the part of speech m-ng of the stem – form part of speech m-ng of the whole word. The essential difference between affixation and conversion is that affixation is characterised by both semantic and structural derivation )friend –friendless,dark-darkness), whereas conv-n displays only smantic derivation (hand –to hand,fall – to fall).On the syncronical plane conv-n is regarded as a type of derivative correlation between two words making up a conv-n pair. On the diacronic plane conv-n is a way of forming new words on the analogy of the semantic patterns available in the language. Diachronic analysis reveals the things that can't be seen with the help of syncr.analysis.

Semantic relation through conversion. The lex meaning of the verb points out: the instrument,the agent,the place,the cause.the result,the time. 1. Verbs based on nouns denoting some part of the human body will show the regularity of the meaning –eg eye – to watch carefully with eyes 2. Sometimes noun names the agent can be expressed in a verb- crowd – to come together in large numbers 3.group which based on the names of animals-momkey-mimick 4. to give birth to some animal – eg – fox 5. with nouns denoting places,buildings,containers – to bag – to put in a bag 6.deverbal nouns which fall under the categories of process(hass, hint),result(cut,find)or place(walk.stand)

1. Word composition. Identification of compound words. Types of compound words

Composition (compounding) is the means of building new ws. by joining two/more stems together.

Compound words are inseparable vocabulary units. Phonetically compound words are marked by three stress patterns — a unity stress (hard-cover, best-seller), a double stress(the primary stress on the 1st component, the seconary – on the 2nd - blood-vessel) and a level stress (snow-white, sky-blue). Graphically types of compound words are characterised by fluctuations between hyphenated spelling (через дефис) and spelling with a space between the components. There are 3 aspects of composition: structural, semantic, theoretical.Structural Aspect3 types of compounds: Neutral -the processtakes place withoutany linking element(armchair),Morphological - 2 compounding stems are combined by a linking vowel or consonant (statesman)Syntactic- the components represent segments of speech preserving in their structure numerous traces of sintagmatic relations (do-all, free-for-all, good-for-nothing, son-in-low.).Semantic Aspect 2 types of compounds Non-idiomatic -compounds whose meanings can be described as the sum of their constituent meaning. The first component in these words, if taking as a free form, denotes an action or state of whatever or whoever is characterized by the word. (classroom, bedroom, evening gown). Idiomatic - the meaning is shifted. 2 groups: 1) The meaning is slightly recognizable through the meaning of its constituent parts. (bluebell, blackberries). 2) In this group it is impossible to deduce the meaning of the compound from the meaning of its constituent part. (mother-of-pearl, kill-joy - брюзга). The key to meaning have been irretrievably lost (ladybird - an infect, a tallboy - a piece of furniture.).

1. Shortening of spoken words and its causes

The process of shortening consists in clipping a part of word; as a result we get a new lexical unit. In such cases as “fence” - “defense” or “fantasy” - “fancy” we have different lexical meanings. In cases “lab” - “laboratory” we have different styles. Shortening doesn't change the meaning. It produces words belonging to the same part of speech as original words. Mostly nouns are affected by shortening. 2 main types:Graphical abbreviations are the result of shortening only in written speech for economy of space. ( e.g.- examplia gratia, p.a - per annum) and also months, days of the week, name of states, names of counties Lexicalshortenings are in 2 groups:1.Consists in making a new word from a syllable of the original word. The latter may be its beginning (telephone - phone) or ending (circs - circumstances; ad - advertisement)2.Initial abbreviations: BBC, BUP, FBI. OPEC, WORN - acronyms.

1. Blending

Words formed from a word group or two synonyms.(medicare-medical care) 3 ways:1. apocope the loss of one or more sounds from the end of a word photograph > photo 2. apheresis is the loss of one or more sounds from the beginning of a word, especially the loss of an unstressed vowel.( [k]nife pronounced /ˈnaɪf/ 3. syncope is the loss of one or more sounds from the interior of a word ( I [woul]d [ha]ve > I'd've)

1. Graphical abbreviations. Initialism and Acronyms

Acronyms are regular vocabulary units spoken as words. They are formed in various ways :

a) from the initial letters or syllables of a phrase,which may be pronounced differently:

· as a succession of sounds denoted by the constituent letters forming a syllabic( e.g. UNO,NATO,UNESCO;

· as a succession of the alphabetical readings of the constituent letters (e.g. BBC,YCL,MP);

b) formed from the initial syllables of each word of the phrase (e.g. interpol=inter/national pol/ice;Capcome=Capsule Communicator);

c) formed by a combination of the abbreviation of the first or the first two members of the phrase with the last member undergoing no change at all (e.g. V-day=Victory day,H-bomb=hydrogen bomb)

All achronysms unlike letter abbreviations perform the syntactical functions of ordinary words taking on grammatical inflexions.

1.sounds produces like human beings(to sneeze, wisper)

2.by animals and birds(to hiss,to moo)

3. by nature and objects(to bubble, clatter)

4by means of conversion(clang,chatter)