EXAMPLES

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 561.

1. The word bikini may be taken as an example. Bikini, a very scanty two-piece bathing suit worn by women, is named after Bikini atoll in the Western Pacific. But it was connected with the atomic bomb tests by the US in the Bikini atoll. Thus it was based on association.

2. A word «mill» "a building in which corn is ground into flour" when the first cotton-mills have appeared to England it was added absolutely new meaning «textile factory». Both word meanings was connected with the water and the definition should be an establishment using water power to produce certain goods»

3.The first meaning carriage «a vehicle drawn by horses» + «a railway car» when the first railways appeared.Both objects was connected with idea of travel and their work was connected with transportation of passengers.

1. Homonymy. Types of homonyms. Sources of homonyms.

Homonyms -words identical in sound form but different in meaning.

Types:

1. Perfect homonyms are words identical both in spelling and in sound-form but different in meaning (case- something that has happened, case- a box, a container)

2. Homographs are words identical in spelling, but different both in their sound-form and meaning (bow=/bou/ and bow /bau/: tear /tie/ and tear /teз/ )

3. Homophones are words identical in sound-form but different both in spelling and meaning (sea- to see, son and sun).

Sources:

1. phonetic change- less or more words, which were formerly pronounced differently, may develop identical sound forms and thus become homonyms. “Night” and “knight”, for instance, were not homonyms in Old English (O.E.) as the initial “k” in the second word was pronounced.

2. borrowing - group of homonyms “rite n – to write – right adj.” The second and third words are of native origin, whereas “rite” is Latin borrowing (Latin “ritus”); “bank “ n (“a shore”) is a native word, and bank n (a financial institution) is an Italian borrowing.

3. Word building also contributes significantly to the growth of homonymy,( значительно способствует росту омонимии) the most important type of it being conversion. Such pairs of words as “comb” n – “comb” v; “pale” adj. – “pale” v; “make” v – “make” n, etc. are numerous in vocabulary. Homonyms of this type refer to different categories of parts of speech and called lexico-grammatical homonyms.

1. Shortening is a further type of word-building, which increases the number of homonyms. For example “fan” (an enthusiastic admirer of some sportsmen, actor, singer, etc.) is a shortening produced from “fanatic” [f nætik]. Its homonym is a Latin borrowing “fan” – an element for waving and produce some cool wind.

1. split polysemy - “spring” means 1) The act of springing, leap; 2) A place, where a steam of water comes up out to the sky; 3) A season of the year.

1. Polysemy and context. Types of context.

Polysemy - a word that has two or more similar meanings.

Types 1) in which the primary meaning is at the centre and secondary meanings come out it like rays (paper - document, wall paper, bills, scientific paper) Secondary meaning may drop out of use and it doesn't affect (повлияет) the primary meaning.2) in which each secondary meaning depends on the previous one and it intermediate meanings drop out of use, then the first and the last meanings may become homonyms. (game (дичь) - game as an object of huntig - hunting - hunting as entertainment - entertaining game).

The term context is the minimal stretch of speech determining(определяющий) each individual meaning of the word. This is not to imply(подразумевать) that polysemantic words have meanings only in the context. The context individualises the meanings, brings them out. The meaning is determined by context.