According to the criterion of interchangeability in context synonyms are classified into

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 800.

Types

Lexical(of primary importance are the groups of lexical items combined with the polysemantic word) EG The adjective heavy in isolation possesses the meaning "of great weight, weighty". When combined with the lexical group of words denoting natural phenomena as wind, storm, etc. it means "striking, following with force, abundant", e.g. heavy rain, wind, storm, etc. In combination with the words industry, arms, artillery and the like, heavy has the meaning "the larger kind of something as heavy industry, artillery"

Grammatical (serves to determine various individual meanings of a polysemantic word.)EG The word meaning ill depends on that function which it carries out in the statement(высказывание). If function predicative (fall ill; be taken ill), meaning of a kernel(ядро) can be interpreted as in bad health. In attributive function (ill luck; ill will) meaning of a kernel(ядро)— bad, hostile.

lexico-grammatical(Important both lexical e, and grammatical meanings) EG Word «Table»

«Move that table a bit to the right.»

In a situation of shift of furniture meaning is found out under its influence — a piece of furniture;

In a situation of preparation for performance, the report it list of facts, numbers, systematically arranged (mathematical tables).

Realization of the necessary meaning occurs to the help real situation. Gestures, a mimicry, intonation of the speaking concern circumstances of speech also.

1. The notion of system. Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations.

It has been claimed by different authors that, in contrast to grammar, the vocabulary of a language is not systematic but chaotic. The term system as used in present-day lexicology denotes not merely the sum total of English words, it denotes a set of elements associated and functioning together according to certain laws. It is a coherent homogeneous whole(последовательный однородный процесс, состоящий из взаимозависимых элементов), constituted by interdependent elements of the same order related in certain specific ways. The vocabulary of the language develops. A set(множество) is said to be a collection of distinct elements, because a certain object may be distinguished from the other elements in a set, but there is no possibility of its repeated appearance. A set is called structured when the number of its elements is greater than the number of rules according to which these elements may be constructed. V.V. Vinogradov has called it, the lexico-semantic system. The interdependence (взаимозависимость) in this system results from a complex interaction of words in their lexical meanings and the grammatical features of the language. The interaction (взаимодействие) of various levels in the language system may be illustrated in English by the following: the widespread development of homonymy and polysemy.

Besides synonymy, there are many other semantic relations.

For example, ' the husband ' and ' the wife ' aren't synonymous, but they семантически are connected by such relation which the husband ' and ' cheese ' has no place between'

' good ' and ' bad ' are various on sense, but are closer, than good and red ' red ' or ' round ';

Paradigmatics – 1) associative (non-simultaneous) relationship of words in language as distinct from linear (simultaneous) relationship of words in speech (syntagmatics); relation of units in absentia (e.g. synonymic, antonymic relationships);Words can be connected also with each other синтагматически;

Syntagmatics – linear (simultaneous) relationship of words in speech as distinct from associative (non-simultaneous) relationship of words in language.

compare: blond'белокурый ' and hair ' hair ', bark ' to bark ' and dog ' the dog'

1. Semantic fields. Lexico-semantic groups

A theory of SF continues to engage the attention of linguists. Most linguists is interested in this theme but the starting point J. Trier's work on intellectual terms in Old and Middle German. He shows that they form an independent lexical sphere where significance of each unit is determined by their neighbors. This sphere is called a linguistic, conceptual or lexical field. Fields are linguistic realities existing between single words and the total vocabulary, they are parts of a whole and resemble words and they combine into some higher unit and the vocabulary in that they resolve themselves into smaller units. The greatest merit lies in their attempt to find linguistic criteria disclosing the semantic character of language. Trier regards the language as super individual cultural product shaping our knolledge. A syntactic approach to the problem of syntactic fields has been initiated by Moscow structural group. From their point of view the detailed syntactic properties of the word are its meaning. A semantic field can be described on the basis of the valency potential of its members

1. Synonyms

The word synonym is a composite of two Greek words: The prefix “syn” means “together” and “onym” is “name.” Synonyms- naming the same thing. Synonyms are usually defined as words belonging to one and the same part of speech, close in meaning. Synonyms may be found in different parts of speech. Synonyms are traditionally described as words different in sound-form but identical or similar in meaning. The traditional classification of synonyms into ideographic(denotational)- these synonyms are the most common, frequent synonyms in the language system, denote different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality. beautiful - fine - handsome -pretty Beautiful conveys, for instance, the strongest meaning;), and stylistic synonyms. differ not so much in denotational as in emotive value or stylistic sphere of application. (to begin- to commence- to initiate). absolutesynonyms which are very rare. There are mostly different names for one and the same plant, animal, disease, science (compounding-composition, Fatherland- mother country, looking glass - mirror).

1. Total, are those members of a synonymic group which can replace each other in any given context, without the slightest alteration in denotative meaning or emotional meaning and connotations. They are very rare. Examples can be found mostly in special literature among technical terms and others, e.g. fatherland - motherland, suslik - gopher,

relative denote different degree of the same notion or different shades of meanings (like - love – adore)

contextual. are similar in meaning only under some specific distributional conditions. It may happen that the difference between the meanings of two words is contextually neutralised , E.g. buy and get would not generally be taken as synonymous, but they are synonyms in the following examples: I'll go to the shop and buy some bread.

I'll go to the shop and get some bread.

1. Antonyms

Antonyms are word pairs that are opposite in meaning, such as hot and cold, black and white, and in and out. Antonyms are usually defined as words belonging to one and the same part of speech, close in meaning. Antonyms are broadly divided into 3 categories:

Graded are antonyms which allow for a natural, gradual transition between two poles: good/bad, hot/ cold