Borrowed words. Types of borrowings

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 528.

Borrowed (loan) word – word is taken over from another language and modified in phonemic shape, spelling. Meaning according to the standards of English. Latin and Greek borrowings.Latin and Greek borrowings appeared in English during the Middle English period. These borrowings are usually called classical borrowings. Here belong Latin words: alter, cross, dean, and Greek words: church, angel, devil, anthem. These words were not used as frequently as the words of the Old English period. French borrowings.The largest group of borrowings. There are the following semantic groups of French borrowings: a) words relating to government : administer, empire, state, government; b) to military affairs: army, war, banner, soldier, battle; c) to jury: advocate, inquest, sentence; d) to fashion: luxury, coat, collar, pleat, embroidery; e) to jewelry: topaz, emerald, ruby, pearl ; f) to food and cooking: lunch, dinner, appetite, to roast, to stew. There are the following semantic groups of these borrowings: a) relating to literature and music: belle-lettres, conservatorie, brochure, nuance, piruette, vaudeville; b) to military affairs: corps, echelon, fuselage, manouvre; c) to buildings and furniture: entresol, chateau, bureau; d) to food and cooking: ragout, cuisine. Italian borrowings. Cultural and trade relations between Italy and England brought many Italian words into English. But mostly Italian is famous by its influence in music and in all Indo-European languages musical terms were borrowed from Italian: alto, baritone, basso, tenor, falsetto, solo, duet, trio, quartet, quintet, opera, operetta, libretto, piano, violin. Spanish borrowings. Spanish borrowings came into English mainly through its American variant. There are the following semantic groups of them: names of dances and musical instruments: tango, rumba, habanera, guitar; names of vegetables and fruit: tomato, potato, tobacco, cocoa, banana, ananas, apricot etc. German borrowings. here were also words denoting objects used in everyday life which were borrowed from German: iceberg, lobby, and rucksack, Kindergarten Russian borrowings. Among early Russian borrowings there are mainly words connected with trade relations, such as: rouble, copeck, pood, sterlet, vodka, sable, and also words relating to nature, such as: taiga, tundra, steppe etc.