Graphical rules (monophthongs)

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 884.

Learn the following graphical rules:

· Vowel /α:/ is represented in spelling by:

1) The digraph “ar” (part)

2) “a” followed by ”ss, st, sk, sp, ft, t, th, lf, lm” (after, past, ask, grasp, after, father, tomato, half, calm)

3) “ance”, “anch” in words of French origin (France, glance, ranch)

4) “and” when stressed (demand)

Rare Spellings: aunt, draught, laugh, clerk, sergeant, heart, hearth, bazaar, drama, aria, tomato, garage, moustache, vase

· Vowel /۸/ is represented in spelling by:

1) The letter “u” in stressed closed syllables (uncle)

2) “o” followed by “m, n, v, th” (come, son, love, mother)

3) The diagraph “ou” followed by “gh, bl(e), pl(e)” (tough, trouble, couple)

To memorise: “ou” + other consonants (country, courage, cousin, touch, young, southern)

Rare Spellings: blood, flood, worry

Irregular reading: stove

Find Ukrainian equivalents to the proverbs and sayings.Learn them:

/α: /

5. He laughs best, who laughs last.

6. After a storm comes a calm.

7. Each dog barks in his own yard.

8. Art is long, life is short.

/ ۸ /

9. So many countries, so many customs.

10. Don't trouble trouble until trouble troubles you.

11. Love me, love my dog.

12. When two Sundays come together.

13. A storm in a tea cup.

14. A man is known by the company he keeps.

15. As snug as a bug in a rug.

16. As hungry as a hunter.

Learn the following graphical rules:

· Vowel /e/ is represented in spelling by:

5) the letter “e” in closed accented syllables (red)

6) the diagraphs “ea” before “d”, “th” (bread, weather), “s” /3/ (pleasure, measure);

in words: heavy, pleasant, peasant, health, wealth, meant, breakfast, weapon, any, many, says, said and some other such like.

“ie” (friend)

“ei” + /3/ (leisure)

letter “u” (bury)

· Vowel /æ/ is represented in spelling by:

1) the letter “a” in closed syllables (bag, glad)

Note: A number of disyllabic words with the accented letter “a” in an open syllable fall under this rule (family, cavity, palate)

Find Ukrainian equivalents to the proverbs and sayings, learn them:

/e /

16) Many men, many minds.

17) Better to do well than to say well.

18) Better late than never, but better never late.

19) All is well that ends well.

20) Better an egg today, that a hen tomorrow.

/æ/

2) No living man all things can.

3) Who chatters to you will chatter of you.

VI. Learn the following graphical rules:

· Vowel /o:/ is represented in spelling by:

1) “oor”, “our”, “oar” (door, your, board)

2) “or” /third syllable-type/ (port)

3) “a” followed by “ll” or “l” + consonant (all, salt, talk)

4) “au”, “aw” (autumn, law)

5) “ough”, “augh” + “t” (ought, thought, taught)

6) “war” (war, warm), “quar” (quarter)

Irregular Readings: our, flour, sour, poor

· Vowel /ס/ is represented in spelling by:

1) The letter “o” in closed stressed syllables (not)

2) The digraph “wa” (was), EXCEPT: water /o: /, “wha” (what)

3) “qua” (quality), EXCEPT: quarter, quarrel /kwo:/

Rare Spellings: because, sausage, cough, knowledge

VII. Find Ukrainian equivalents to the proverbs and sayings. Learn them:

/o: /

21) All for one and one for all.

22) It never rains but it pours.

23) Trust me not all or all in all.

24) All roses have thorns.

/ס /

a. Honesty is the best policy.

b. A little pot is soon hot.

c. Be slow to promise and quick to perform.

d. Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today.

IX. Learn the following graphical rules:

Vowel /3:/ is represented in spelling by:

1. The letters “e, i, u, y” followed by “r” /third syllable –type/ (term, bird, fur)

2. “ear” + a consonant (earth, heard) BUT: heart, hearth /a: /

3. “wor” (work, word)

4. “our” (journal, journey)

X. Find Ukrainian equivalents to the proverbs and sayings. Learn them:

6) Murder will out.

7) It's an early bird that catches the first worm.

8) First come, first served.

9) Live and learn.

10) As is the workman, so is the work.

II. Learn the following graphical rules:

Vowel /ә/ is represented in spelling by:

4) The letter “a” in prefixes (about)

5) In suffixes “er, or, ar, our, ous” (teacher, doctor, cellar, neighbour, famous)

6) “a, o, u” when non-accented (sofa, atom, column)

XI. Learn the following graphical rules:

· Vowel /u:/ is represented in spelling by:

1) The letter “u” in open syllables (tune)

Note: It sounds /u:/ preceded by “j, r, l” (June, blue)

2) The digraphs “eu” and “ew” - /ju:/ (neutral, few) BUT: Jew, crew, flew

3) “ui” (suit)

4) The digraph “ou” in words of French origin (group, wound)

5) “oo” (moon, root, pool), “you” (you, youth)

Rare Spellings: beauty, queue, who, whom, whose, do, to, too, two

· Vowel /υ/ is represented in spelling by:

1) The diagraph “oo” followed by “k” (book)

2) The letter “u” after “p, b, f”, sometimes “s” (pull, bull, full; sugar)

Irregular Readings: but, bus, butter

Rare Spellings: could, should, would, bouquet, woman, wolf

XII. Find Ukrainian equivalents to the proverbs and sayings, learn them:

/u: /

25) No news is good news.

26) Bad news has wings.

27) That's where the shoe pinches.

/υ/

a. A good beginning makes a good ending.

b. A good cook never cooks while looking into a cookery book.

c. Look before you leap.

XI. Learn the following graphical rules:

· Vowel /i:/ is represented in spelling by:

7) the letter “e” in open and historically open syllables (be, meter, these)

8) the digraphs “ee” (meet, see)

“ea” (meat, seat)

“ie” (piece, field)

“ei” (ceiling, receive)

“ey” (key)

“ay” (quay)

“eo” (people)

“i” (ski, machine)

· Vowel /ı/ is represented in spelling by:

1) the letters “i” and “y” in stressed closed syllables (sit, window, myth, syllable)

2) “y”, “ey”, “ai”, “ay” when unstressed (city, money, mountain, Sunday)

3) the letter “e” in prefixes (before, decide)

4) the letters “e”, “a” and “u” when unstressed and sometimes stressed (alphabet, pretty; climate; minute, busy)

XII. Find Ukrainian equivalents to the proverbs and sayings, learn them:

/i: /

28) A friend in need is a friend indeed.

29) No sweet is without some sweat.

30) Extremes meet.

/ı /

5) As fit as a fiddle.

6) As busy as a bee.

7) Little pitches have big ears.

The vowel sound / α:/ as in “car”

· Read the instruction to learn how to make the long sound /α:/.

The blade of the tongue is very low down in the mouth, it is retracted. The tip of the tongue is also retracted from the lower teeth. The back of the tongue is slightly raised towards the soft palate. The jaw is considerably lowered. The lips are neutral.

· Listen to the target sound and the words and repeat. Look at the mouth diagrams to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound. Transcribe the words.

/ α: α: α:/

· Read these words with the sound / α:/. Transcribe them.

Far, card, harm, class, fast, ask, bar, cart, halve, gasp, after, path, heart, star, half, plant, aunt, heart, march, starve, raft, task, bath, France, calm, start, clerk, dance, past, laugh.

· Listen to the sentences and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.

1) The marble bird-bath was hidden in the tall grasses near the path.

2) Let's park our car at Barbara's as the car park is rather far from the theatre.

3) At last Margaret's anxiety passed and she chanced a disastrous dance with a laughing sergeant.

4) I'd rather take a chance and let my father drive me to the garage in his fast car.

5) Hard-hearted Margaret was reading psalms in the dark.

6) As an office boy I made such a mark, that I was given a post of a junior clerk.

· Listen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.

Barbara's car is a Jaguar

And Barbara drives rather fast.

Castles, farms and draughty barns,

She goes charging past.

When I, good, friends, was called to the bar,

I'd an appetite fresh and hearty,

But I was, as many barristers are,

An impecunious party.

· Listen to the dialogues. Intone them. Learn and reproduce, paying attention to the pronunciation of the sound /α:/, intonation and tempo.

Dialogue 1

- Ask it to bark, Margaret.

- I rather think it can't bark, Arnold.

- Can't bark? But if it can't bark, it can't guard the house. Ask it to bark, Margaret.

- Er… er… Can't you… bark?

- Bark, can't you! Bark! Bark!

- Arnold can bark.

Dialogue 2

- Aren't Carl and Marcia ghastly people?

- Ghastly, aren't they?

- But aren't their parties marvellous?

- Oh, they have marvellous parties, yes.

- Charles and Martha have ghastly parties.

- Mm. But they're marvelous people, aren't they?

- They're marvelous people, yes.

- What time does their ghastly party start, by the way?

The vowel sound /۸/ as in “duck”

· Read the instruction to learn how to make the short sound /۸/.

The tongue is in the central part of the mouth. The back of the tongue is raised towards the roof of the mouth. The front of the tongue is raised to the back of the hard palate. The tip of the tongue is retracted from the front lower teeth. The lips are neutral.

· Listen to the target sound and the words and repeat. Look at the mouth diagrams to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound. Transcribe the words.

/۸۸ ۸/

· Read these words with the sound /۸/. Transcribe them.

Shut, blood, flood, country, son, much, cut, ton, mother, luck, young, rough, courage, trouble, come, does, dove, duck, sun, must, cup, hut, couple, such.

· Listen to the sentences and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.

1) For someone with a love of money, the sum of one hundred pounds was enticing.

2) Bud, love! Don't worry; victory is in front of you!

3) I can't understand the fun of travelling by bus on such rough country roads.

4) There are a number of nuns among us.

5) Here I am, in front of a tub with a rub and a scrub!

6) When you come to lunch in London on Sunday, remember to bring some money.

· Practice reading the tongue twister as quickly as you can. Be careful not to mispronounce the target sound /۸/.

1. Double bubble gum bubbles double.

2. Never trouble trouble till trouble troubles you.

It only doubles trouble, and troubles others too.

· Listen to the tongue twister. Learn it by heart. Practice saying it as quickly as you can. Be careful not to mispronounce the target sound.

If you understand, say "understand".

If you don't understand, say "don't understand".

But if you understand and say "don't understand",

How do I understand that you understand?

· Listen to the dialogues. Intone them. Learn and reproduce, paying attention to the pronunciation of the sound /۸/, intonation and tempo.

Dialogue 3

· - Now, what've you done, young man?

· - I've cut my thumb.

· - Mm. Well, put out your tongue.

· - But it's my thumb. I've cut my thumb.

· - Put out your tongue!

· - Mummy! Mummy! Why doesn't mummy come?

· - Mummy's coming – put out your tongue.

· - It's not my tongue, Mummy. It's my thumb.

· - Please, Sonny – just put out your tongue.

Dialogue 4

· - I love buns.

· - Buns make crumbs.

· - I love guns.

· - Guns cost money.

· - I love Ms Hunt.

· - Ms Hunt‘s a honey.

· Listen to the words with sounds / α:/ and /۸/ in contrast and repeat. Look at the mouth diagrams to help you position your lips.

/ α:/	/۸/
father dark bath pardon startle rather target	front duck bud punch stuck rough tough

· Read the following sentences. Mind the right articulation of the sounds / α: / and /۸/.

1) My mother's brother's my uncle; my uncle's son's my cousin.

2) Your uncle took the umbrella upstairs.

3) My puppy loves to run.

4) You must go to lunch but come back for supper.

5) The ugly duck is under the hut.

6) Put some honey on the bun, Mother.

7) Aunt Martha lives near Marble Arch, which isn't far.

· Listen to the dialogues. Intone them. Learn and reproduce, paying attention to the pronunciation of the sounds /α:/, /۸/ and / æ /, intonation and tempo.

Dialogue 5

- I shan't pass the maths exam.

- I shan't pass in art.

- Maths is too hard. I can't understand it.

- I'm very bad at art.

- Perhaps you'll pass.

- I shan't. Perhaps you'll pass.

- No, no! I can't pass.

Dialogue 6

- We've passed!

- I haven't passed in art, have I?

- You have! And I've passed in maths - by one mark!

- Isn't that fabulous!

- We must have a party!

- We'll have a fabulous party!

- Just imagine - we've passed!

- We've passed! We've passed!

Dialogue 7

- Sally's come.

- Oh, I'm glad Sally's come. Has her brother come too?

- No her brother hasn't come actually. That doesn't matter much, Ann.

- No, it doesn't matter, Daddy.

- And Sally's such fun.

- Oh, Sally's lovely… But Daddy…

- Mm?

- Oh, Daddy, why hasn't he come?

***************************

ХІ. Learn the following graphical rules:

· Vowel /α:/ is represented in spelling by:

1) The digraph “ar” (part)

2) “a” followed by ”ss, st, sk, sp, ft, t, th, lf, lm” (after, past, ask, grasp, after, father, tomato, half, calm)

3) “ance”, “anch” in words of French origin (France, glance, ranch)

4) “and” when stressed (demand)

Rare Spellings: aunt, draught, laugh, clerk, sergeant, heart, hearth, bazaar, drama, aria, tomato, garage, moustache, vase

· Vowel /۸/ is represented in spelling by:

1) The letter “u” in stressed closed syllables (uncle)

2) “o” followed by “m, n, v, th” (come, son, love, mother)

3) The diagraph “ou” followed by “gh, bl(e), pl(e)” (tough, trouble, couple)

To memorise: “ou” + other consonants (country, courage, cousin, touch, young, southern)

Rare Spellings: blood, flood, worry

Irregular reading: stove

ХІІ. Find Ukrainian equivalents to the proverbs and sayings.Learn them:

/α: /

9. He laughs best, who laughs last.

10. After a storm comes a calm.

11. Each dog barks in his own yard.

12. Art is long, life is short.

/ ۸ /

17. So many countries, so many customs.

18. Don't trouble trouble until trouble troubles you.

19. Love me, love my dog.

20. When two Sundays come together.

21. A storm in a tea cup.

22. A man is known by the company he keeps.

23. As snug as a bug in a rug.

24. As hungry as a hunter.

The vowel sound /e/ as in ‘hen'.

· Read the instruction to learn how to make the sound /e/.

The tongue is in the front part of the mouth. The front of the tongue is raised to the hard palate but not so high as for / ı /. The air passage is rather wide, the jaw is lowered and the distance between the upper and lower teeth is wider than in pronouncing /ı /. The lips are loosely spread.

· Listen to the target sound and the words and repeat. Look at the mouth diagrams to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound. Transcribe the words.

/e e e/

· Read these words with the sound /e/. Transcribe them.

Men, death,check,end, lemon, sweat, head, red, shelf,bury, leisure, measure, met, friend,leg, ready, burier, friendship, set, said,bell, test, many, press.

· Listen to the sentences and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.

1) ‘It's best for your pet's health to rest', said an educated vet to a wealthy gentlemen.

2) Educated men have always measured every word they said.

3) Twenty-seven shepherds hesitated before entering the sheep-pen.

4) It's a real pleasure to rest on a nice leather sofa.

5) A red leather jacket was well presented on the display.

6) The weather was wet and windy when the men were mending the fence.

· Listen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.

Let us gaily tread the measure,

Make the most of fleeting leisure;

Every moment brings a treasure,

Of its own especial pleasure…

Let us gaily tread the measure.

· Listen to the dialogues. Intone them. Learn and reproduce, paying attention to the pronunciation of the sounds /e/ and /æ/, intonation and tempo.

Dialogue 1

- When?

- Next Wednesday.

- Yes?

- Take the ten-past-ten bus.

- Yes…?

- Get there at ten.

- Yes.

- Any questions?

- Yes!

Dialogue 2

- Ben said there were ten men.

- Ken said there were twenty men.

- Ben said the men were dressed in red.

- Ken said the men were dressed in yellow.

- Ben said the men were dead.

- Ken said the men were dead.

- Ben said ten men.

- Ken said twenty.

The vowel sound /æ/ as in “bag”.

· Read the instruction to learn how to make the long sound /æ/.

XIII. The mouth is more open than for /e/. The tongue is in the front part of the mouth. The front of the tongue is rather low. The air passage is wider than for the English /e/. The jaw is lowered.

· Listen to the target sound and the words and repeat. Look at the mouth diagrams to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound. Transcribe the words.

/æ æ æ/

· Read these words with the sound /æ/. Transcribe them.

Mad, bag, ham, sang, back, has, pan, can, tram, hat, cash, stand, bank, catch, match.

· Listen to the sentences and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.

1) A black fat cat was sad when he couldn't grab a slice of ham.

2) It can be quite a challenge to manage a marriage.

3) A man who looked unhappy sang a sad bad mad romantic song.

4) As a habit I add some tomato to my hamburger.

5) Standing hand in hand, the man asked Jan for her hand in marriage.

6) Can you manage to carry those magazines back to the rack?

· Listen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.

What was that?

It was the cat!

Pall ashore in fashion steady,

For the clergyman is ready

To unite the happy pair.

· Listen to the tongue twister. Learn it by heart. Practice saying it as quickly as you can. Be careful not to mispronounce the target sound

/ æ /.

Can you can a can as a canner can can a can?

· Practice reading the tongue twister as quickly as you can. Be careful not to mispronounce the target sound / æ /.

A slightly fat cat sat on a mat and ate a bad fat rat;

Kat said: “Let him go to bed, because he looks sad,

Almost already dead, he isn't even fat and has a black hat”.

· Listen to the dialogues. Intone them. Learn and reproduce, paying attention to the pronunciation of the sounds / i: / and / ı /, intonation and tempo.

Dialogue 3

- Have you got a marrow, Mr Sparrow?

- A marrow, madam? Yes,… there's this one, and that… and there's that.

- Oh, that's a nice fat marrow. Yes, I'll have that. Will you wrap it in paper for me?

- Gladly, Mrs Bradley. There you are. Now, madam… apples? Or… carrots, perhaps?

- Er… Actually, it's Miss Bradley, Mr Sparrow.

Dialogue 4

- Alfred owns a bank, Ann.

- I'm going to marry Frank, Dad.

- Harry owns a jam factory, Ann.

- I want to marry Frank, Dad.

- Marry Alfred, Ann. Or marry Harry.

- Frank, Dad! I'm going to marry Frank!

- Ann, you're mad!

- I've had a word with Grandfather.

- Your grandfather's mad too!

- Dad…

- Yes?

- I'm glad you didn't marry Miss Parry.

· Listen to the words with sounds /e/ and /æ/ in contrast and repeat. Look at the mouth diagrams to help you position your lips.

/e/	/æ/	/e/	/æ/
men guessed fed hem hetero wren	man gassed fad ham hank rank	bed pet ten said breath kettle	bag pat tan sad bandage candle

· Read the contrasted sounds / e / and / æ /. Transcribe the words.

ten - tan den - dad mesh - mash deb - dab

bet - bat let – land dead - Dad mess - mass

pen - pan set – sand sex - sacks teg - tag

· Read the following sentences. Mind the right articulation of the sounds / e / and / æ /.

a) It's best to rest, said the vet to the pet.

b) Ted met his best friend and they went to test the bell.

c) The fat cat sat on the man's black hat.

d) Check if the burier is ready.

e) Many men have hats on their heads.

f) Can Sam measure cash in that black bag?

· Listen to the tongue twister. Learn it by heart. Practice saying it as quickly as you can. Be careful not to mispronounce the target sounds /e/ and /æ/.

Mary Mac's mother's making Mary Mac marry me. My mother's making me marry Mary Mac. Will I always be so Merry when Mary's taking care of me? Will I always be so merry when I marry Mary Mac?

· Listen to the dialogue. Intone it. Learn and reproduce, paying attention to the pronunciation of the sounds /e/ and /æ/, intonation and tempo.

Dialogue 5

- Get a pet, Pat.

- Alan, I've got a pet. I've got a cat!

- That terrible black cat outside?

- Terrible?

- That smelly cat?

- Alice is an elegant cat.

- Mm. Well, perhaps that cat at the back isn't Alice.

- Alice! Puss-puss! Alice! Alice, you haven't met Alan. Puss-puss!... Now Alan, this is

Alice.

- Yes, Pat (sniffs). Yes, that's Alice.

********************************

· Learn the following graphical rules:

· Vowel /e/ is represented in spelling by:

9) the letter “e” in closed accented syllables (red)

10) the diagraphs “ea” before “d”, “th” (bread, weather), “s” /3/ (pleasure, measure);

in words: heavy, pleasant, peasant, health, wealth, meant, breakfast, weapon, any, many, says, said and some other such like.

“ie” (friend)

“ei” + /3/ (leisure)

letter “u” (bury)

· Vowel /æ/ is represented in spelling by:

1) the letter “a” in closed syllables (bag, glad)

Note: A number of disyllabic words with the accented letter “a” in an open syllable fall under this rule (family, cavity, palate)

· Find Ukrainian equivalents to the proverbs and sayings, learn them:

/e /

1. Many men, many minds.

2. Better to do well than to say well.

3. Better late than never, but better never late.

4. All is well that ends well.

5. Better an egg today, that a hen tomorrow.

6. Wealth is nothing without health.

7. No weather is ill when the wind is still.

8. Two heads are better than one.

9. Eat at pleasure, drink with measure.

/æ/

1. No living man all things can.

2. Who chatters to you will chatter of you.

3. Habits cure habits.

4. Healthful habits make healthy body.

5. One man, no man.

6. He who hatches matches hatches catches.

That's the man who sat on my hat in the tram.

A black cat sat on a mat and ate a bad fat rat.