Political culture is a complex and heterogeneous systems including political orientation, are very different from the political culture of the society in general.

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 464.

Система рекрутирования элиты.

· широкий круг селектората.

· *Термин «селекторат» (Брюс Буэно де Мескита): группа людей (или даже целые социальные слои), кт не находятся у власти непосредственно, но определяют, кому именно у нее находиться. В совершенной демократии это миллионы избирателей, в абсолютной диктатуре — единоличный лидер, в авторитарных режимах это может быть руководящая часть правящей партии или армейская верхушка.

Political subculture - a set of political orientations different from the orientation of massive majority within a given culture, or at least from the dominant society in the cultural orientations.

G. Almond divides subculture to the vertical - the subculture of the "masses" and the "elites" and the horizontal - religious, regional, ethnic. Horizontal separation of political subcultures are using different criteria : Socio-economic, class, national, ethnic, religious, demographic, and others.

Any political subculture includes common, that characterizes the dominant political culture in society, and that particular thing that distinguishes this subculture, the features that are unique to this subculture groups. There are exist political intellectuals, women, youth, farmers, religious, regional , socio-economic, ethno-linguistic, age, and other subcultures.

Regional subculture caused such differences between different regions of the country, the climate, the availability of certain resources, etc. This, in turn, generates economic differences that affect the way people live, the general level of culture, and, consequently, on their political- cultural level.

The political culture of the region have a significant impact, factors such as economic specialization of the region and its place in the general system of division of labor. This, agricultural regions, the experience of Russia, politically more conservative than industrial. They exhibit a low level of political activity, that is limited to participation in elections. But the extent of their participation in the elections is much higher than in other regions. In some industrial areas people prefer high-level protest forms of participation - demonstrations, strikes, etc., sometimes socially unacceptable.

Central regions in terms of development of political culture differ from peripheral degree of political consciousness and activity. Regions that have the ability to provide through their resources are a certain level of economic and social well-being, characterized consistent political culture, loyalty to the regime, the desire for political independence (Central Black Earth)

Socioeconomic subculture due to the existence of different groups in society (social groups, classes) with different economic status and, therefore, differences in lifestyle, in the interest of playing a particularly important political role.

So, for the business layer of the most pressing political values are economic freedom, stability, and control of the state of civil society participation in decision-making. That is what makes the immediate political conditions, the activity of the entrepreneur. The representatives of this subculture various methods and methods of influence on the government, preferring the active forms of stress, such as the widespread use of the media, lobbying government officials, the establishment of political parties applying for participation in the government.

Ethnolinguistic subculture associated with linguistic, ethnic characteristics of relevant social groups. The political culture of these groups have a decisive influence factors such as ethnic identity and national character. Political values, preferences and settings are usually secondary to the ethnic factor.

Religious subcultures arise when religion is a major element in the overall pervasive culture of a particular group of people. Islamic fundamentalism, for example, it is not so much religious as political ideology.

Some of the spesial features to the political subculture of women. The literature is noted, in particular, is a common phenomenon that characterizes this subculture in the West, as the tendency to support the parties and organizations of the conservative direction, which is due to several factors, such as the narrowness of the social contacts of women, less than men involvement in social movements .

Age subculture reflects different system of political values among members of different generations. These subcultures exist mainly in transitive societies. The older generations, the political culture that has developed in an antiquated political reality, have political views that are different from the system of political attitudes of youth. However, age differences have relatively less impact on the political culture of the people in the system stability.

Features of the political subculture due to differences in the position of social groups in the economic and social structure, as well as education, age and gender and other characteristics.