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Success Story by J. G. Cozzens


Date: 2015-10-07; view: 1642.


Стилистический синтаксис – область стилистики, которая исследует стилистический потенциал и стилистические функции синтаксических форм, их стилистическую классификацию и принадлежность различным функциональным стилям.

STYLISTIC SYNTAX

Синтаксические выразительные средства представляется удобным подразделить следующим образом:

1. ВС, в основе которых лежит отсутствие логически требуемых компонентов речи (членов предложений, служебных слов);

2. ВС, связанные с избыточным употреблением компонентов речи;

3. ВС, заключающиеся в необычном размещении компонентов речи;

4. ВС, создаваемые взаимодействием смежных предложений.

 

Первую группу составляют ВС, разнородные по своему составу:

Эллипсис –фигура речи, состоящая в пропускекакого-либо члена предложения, который подразумевается из контекста. Отражает типичные черты разговорного, ситуативного языка.

- “An hour and a half, five shillings, thank you. And tomorrow at half past two, Miss Collins…” (Galsworthy)

- Wish I was young enough to wear that kind of thing. Older I get the more I like color. We're both pretty long in the tooth, eh? (Waugh).

Апозиопезис (silense) –высказывание умышленно не завершено, это эмоциональный, не намеренный или намеренный обрыв высказывания.

- You would get a scaffolding pole entangled? You would…. (Jerome)

- If everyone at twenty realized that half his life was to be lived after forty…(Waugh).

Номинативные (именные) предложения –часто используются для описания чего-либо. Последовательность таких предложений отражает мысли, настроение героев, укрепляет динамику повествования.

- Matchbooks. Coaster trays. Hotel towels and washcloths. He was sending her the samples of whatever he was selling at the time. Fuller brushes. Radio antennas. Cans of hair spray or special wonder-working floor cleaners. (Erdrich)

- London. Fog everywhere. Implacable November weather. Dusk – of a summer night. (Dreiser)

Асиндетон (бессоюзие) –противоположность многосоюзию, заключающаяся в намеренном пропуске сочинительных союзов. Это комбинация слов, стилистическая функция которой схожа с эллипсисом: краткость, ускорение темпа, эффект беспрерывного движения.

- The sidewalks ran like Spring ice going out, grinding and hurried and packed close from bank to bank. Ferret-faced slim men, white-faced slim women, gleam of white shirt fronts, silk hats, nodding flowery broad hats, silver veils over dark hair, hard little somber hats, satin slippers, petticoat-edges, patent-leathers, rouge and enamel and patches. … Lights, sounds, swift feverish pleasure.

Зевгма –создание юмористического эффекта за счет «неоднородности» однородных членов предложения. Прием пропуска однородных однотипно оформленных членов предложения.

- She possessed two false teeth and a sympathetic heart. (O'Henry)

- She dropped a tear and her pocket handkerchief. (Dickens).

 

Вторую группусоставляют ВС, связанные с избыточными элементами

Повторение –многократное повторение одного и того же слова или словосочетания с целью придать высказыванию большей выразительности.

- Scroodge went to bed again, and thought, and thought, and thought, and thought it over and over, and over.

I wake up and I'm alone, I walk round Warley and I'm alone, and I talk with people and I'm alone and I look at his face when I'm home and it's dead. (Braine)

Рамочная конструкция (фрейм-упаковка) –использование повторяющихся смысловых элементов в начале и конце предложений или ряда предложений.

- He had been good for me when I was a callow and an ignorant youth; he was good for me now. (Shute)

- Never wonder. By means of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, settle everything somehow, and never wonder. (Dickens)

Анадиплозис –стык, подхват – слово или несколько слов, завершающих отрезок текста, повторяются в начале следующего отрезка.

- My wife has brown hair, dark eyes, and gentle disposition. Because of her gentle disposition, I sometimes think that she spoils the children. (Cheever)

- Failure meant poverty, poverty meant squalor, squalor led, in the final stages to the smells and stagnation of B.

Пролепсис –одновременное употребление существительного и заменяющего его местоимения.

- Miss Tillie Webster, she slept forty days and nights without waking up. (O'Henry)

- Bolivar, he's plenty tired, and he can't carry double” (O'Henry)

Полисиндетон (многосоюзие) –намеренное повторение союзов.

- At the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew and beat upon the house; and it felt; and great was the fall of it (Matthew).

 

Третья группа - Инверсия –необычная расстановка слов в предложении

- Of beechen green, and shadow numberless,

Singest of summer in full-throated ease.

- I will make my kitchen, and you will keep your room

Where white flows the river and bright blows the broom. (Stevenson)

Четвертая группа- взаимодействие смежных предложений, которые содержат последовательное повествование, логически связаны, оказывают влияние друг на друга, уподобляются друг другу.

Параллелизм –два или более смежных отрезка текста строятся по одной синтаксической схеме

The cock is crowing,

The stream is flowing,

The small birds twitter,

The lake doth glitter.

Хиазм –перекрестное расположение слов и фраз в 1 и 2 части высказывания.

They had loved her, and she had loved them; -“May I take so bald”, he said with a smile that was like a frown, and with a frown that was like a smile.

Анафора –повторение начальных частей слова (словосочетания, предложения) двух или более самостоятельных отрезков речи

They were poor in space, poor in light, poor in quite, poor in repose and poor in the atmosphere of privacy – poor in everything that makes a man's home his castle. (Cheever)

And I want to eat at a table with my own silver and I want candles, and I want my own tea, and I want it to be strong and I want to brush my hair out in front a mirror and I want a kitty and I want some new clothes.

Эпифора –повторение конечных элементов двух или более самостоятельных отрезков речи

For Mrs Carlton it had been years, for Linda it had been years.

Is life vain, beauty vain, hope vain, happiness vain?

The Dog was wild, and the Horse wild, and the Cow was wild, and the Sheep was wild, and the Pig was wild, - as wild as wild could be.

Стилистической нагрузкой обладают и различные синтаксические категории: обособления, позволяющие акцентировать внимание на определенном слове или выражении, вводные элементы, позволяющие репродуцировать одновременно два-три плана повествования, выделять эмоциональный аспект текста, избегать монотонности повествования, привносить характер разговорной речи в авторский текст. Особое внимание следует уделить

Риторическому вопросу(его цель – привлечение внимания читателя или слушателя, повышение эмоционального тона высказывания, ответа на такой вопрос не требуется)

 

- If this belief from heaven be sent,

If such be Nature's holy plan,

Have I not reason to lament

What man has done of man?

 

I met Richards ten or more years ago when I first went down to Cuba. He was a short, sharp-faced, agreeable chap, then about 22. He introduced himself to me on the boat and I was surprised to find that Panamerica Steel was sending us both to the same

Richards was from some not very good state university engineering schooP. Being the same age myself, and just out of technical college I saw at once that his knowledge was rather poor. In fact I couldn't imagine how he had managed to get this job.

Richards was naturally likable, and I liked him a lot. The firm had a contract for the construction of a private railroad. For Richards and me it was mostly an easy job of inspections and routine paper work. At least it was easy for me. It was harder for Richards, because he didn't appear to have mastered the use of a slide rule. When he asked me to check his figures I found his calculations awful. "Boy," I was at last obliged to say, "you are undoubtedly the silliest white man in this province. Look, stupid, didn't you evertake arithmetic? How much are seven times thirteen?" "Work that out," Richards said, "and let me have a report tomorrow."

So when I had time I checked his figures for him, and the inspector only caught him in a bad mistake about twice. In January several directors of the United Sugar Company came down to us on business, but mostly pleasure; a good excuse to 'get south on a vacation. Richards and I were to accompany them around the place. One of the directors, Mr. Prosset was asking a number of questions. I knew the job well enough to answer every sensible question – the sort of question that a trained engineer would be likely to ask. As it was Mr. Prosset was not an engineer and some of his questions put me at a loss. For the third time I was obliged to say, "I'm afraid I don't know, sir.

We haven't any calculations on that".

When suddenly Richards spoke up.

"I think, about nine million cubic feet, sir", he said. "I just happened to be working this out last night. Just for my own interest".

"Oh," said Mr. Prosset, turning in his seat and giving him a sharp look. "That's very interesting, Mr. -er- Richards, isn't it? Well, now, maybe you could tell me about".

Richards could. Richards knew everything. All the way up Mr. Prosset fired questions on him and he fired answers right back. When we reached the head of the rail, a motor was waiting for Mr. Prosset. He nodded absent-mindedly to me, shook hands with Richards. "Very interesting, indeed," he said. "Good-bye, Mr. Richards, and thank you."

"Not, at all, sir," Richards said. "Glad if I could be of service to you."

As soon as the car moved off, I exploded. "A little honest bluff doesn't hurt; but some of your figures...!"

"I like to please," said Richards grinning. "If a man like Prosset wants to know something, who am I to hold out on him?"

"What's he going to think when he looks up the figures or asks somebody who does know?"

"Listen, my son," said Richards kindly. "He wasn't asking for any information he was going to use. He doesn't want to know these figures. He won't remember them. I don't even remember them myself. What he is going to remember is you and me." "Yes," said Richards firmly. "He is going to remember that Panamerica Steel has a bright young man named Richards who could tell him everything, he wanted, – just the sort of chap he can use; not like that other fellow who took no interest in his work, couldn't answer the simplest question and who is going to be doing small-time contracting all his life."

It is true. I am still working for the Company, still doing a little work for the construction line. And Richards? I happened to read in a newspaper a few weeks ago that Richards had been made a vice-resident and director of Panamerica Steel when the Prosset group bought the old firm.


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