Ex. 30. Point out what parts are detached and by what they are expressed.
Date: 2015-10-07; view: 795.
Detached (loose) parts of the sentence
Detached parts of the sentence are those secondary parts which assume a certain grammatical and semantic independence. This phenomenon is due to their loose connection with the words they modify.
| Detached (loose) parts of the sentence | |
| Detached adverbial modifier (of atten. circ.) | He lit a pipe, carefully, because the enemy was close. The train coming in a minute later, the two brothers parted. He came in, with a large parcel under his arm. |
| Detached attribute | There was a star-like quality about Judice, radiant and unreachable. Dumb with amazement, Mr. Gradgrind crossed to the spot where his family was thus disgraced. |
| Detached object | She does not change – except her hair. Huckleberry Finn was there, with his dead cat. |
1. Now their laughter joined together, seized each other and held close, harmoniously, intertwined through each other's fabric and substance. 2. Huckleberry Finn was there, with his dead cat. 3. We reached the station, with only a minute or two to spare. 4. Blind and almost senseless, like a bird caught in a snare, he still heard the sharp slam of the door. 5. As he strode along he was conscious, within himself, of a deep, pervading sense of power. 6. With his hands by his sides, he strolled very slowly and inconspicuously, down the border. 7. One summer, during a brief vacation at Knocke, his visit had come to the notice of Harrington Brande. 8. We are very poor, señor, with many mouths to feed, and these fish would make a good meal for us. 9. Unbelievingly, his eyes fixed, lips tightly compressed, Brande stared at the advancing youth. 10. He remembered her brave and hardy, with a small-boned eager face, enriched with weather and living. 11. The girls had met and were strolling, arm in arm, through the rose arbor. 12. Stout, middle-aged, full of energy, clad in a grease-stained dark blue dress. she bustled backwards and forwards from the kitchen to the dining room. 13. She had become very drab and unattractive, with all the hard work, no doubt. 14. But, for all that, they had a very pleasant walk.
The Independent elements of the sentence
The independent elements of the sentence are words and word-groups which are not grammatically dependent on any part of the sentence.
| The independent elements of the sentence | |
| Interjections (ah, oh, hurrah, eh, hallo, goodness gracious, good heavens) | Oh, if I only knew what a dreadful thing it is to be clean, I'd never come. “Oh gracious me! That innocent Toots,” returned Susan hysterically. |
| Direct address | Good morning, sweet child. Don't be tiresome. Marcellus! |
| Parenthesis a) modal words (indeed, certainly, assuredly, decidedly, in fact, truly, naturally, surely, actually, possibly, perhaps, evidently, obviously, maybe) | Evidently, he was not a man, he must be some other kind of animal. Luckily, poor dear Roger had been spared this dreadful anxiety. |
| b) adverbs (firstly, secondly, finally, thus, consequently, then, anyway, moreover, besides, still, yet, nevertheless, otherwise, notwithstanding, therefore) | He mightn't like it. Besides, uncle Soames wants to get back, I suppose. He was losing money. Furthermore, he had sweated to make the truck comfortable for them. |
| c) prepositional phrases (in a word, in truth, in my opinion, by and by, on the one hand, on the contrary, at least) | Everybody has his own problem. Mine is particularly worthless, for instance. |
| d) infinitive and participial phrases (to be sure, to tell the truth, to begin with, generally speaking, strictly speaking) | Sarah, my dear, comparatively speaking, you're safe. To tell the truth, I don't want to go there. |
Ex. 31. Point out all the independent elements and say by what they are expressed.
1. In the morning, however, there was a comforting excitement in leaving the train. 2. May be, after all, there was something in that wild idea of Albertine's. 3. They gave him, in fact, a pleasant feeling of vicarious fatherhood. 4. Nicholas, unfortunately, had passed an unquiet night. 5. Nevertheless, despite this reasoning there remained in the Consul's breast that strange sense of jealousy. 6. How fortunate to have such a reliable couple in the house. Naturally, he counted on the Burtons as an official standby. 7. I am a human being, señor, and must take advantage of my opportunities. Frankly, I am accustomed to good wine. 8. He was surprised, evidently, to Sally so much at home and bustling about like that. 9. She was quite unconcerned, as a matter of fact, about being left alone in the camp. 10. Perhaps her colonial upbringing had something to do with it. 11. It was still too early for his ride, but he did not go back to bed, he wasn't deeply worried, to be sure, but, but he knew that he wouldn't be able to sleep.
Sentences with homogeneous parts
Two or more parts of the sentence having the same function and referring to the same part of the sentence are called homogeneous parts of the sentence. They are linked either by means of coordinating conjunctions or asyndetically.
| Sentences with homogeneous parts | |
| Two or more homogeneous subjects to one predicate | To her extreme relief, her father and sisters appeared. |
| Two or more homogeneous predicates to one subject a) simple predicates b) compound verbal modal predicate with homogeneous parts within it c) compound verbal aspect predicate with homogeneous parts within it d) compound nominal predicate with several predicatives within it | a) The gentleman started, stared, retreated, rubbed his eyes, stared again and finally shouted: “Stop, stop!” b) Thousands of sheets must be printed, dried, cut. c) First he began to understand and then to speak English. d) The sky was clear, remote, and empty. |
| Two or more attributes, objects, or adverbial modifiers to one part of the sentence | The unlighted, unused room behind the sitting –room seemed to absorb and even intensify the changing moods of the house. (attr.) He could imitate other people's speech, their accent, their mannerism, their tone. (dir. obj.) But I saw nothing moving, in earth or sky. (adv. Mod. of place) |
Ex. 32. Point out homogeneous parts, define them and say by what they are expressed.
1. He had lived with this block for several months now, studied it in every light, from every angle, in every of heat and cold. 2. He felt discouraged, strangely empty. 3. There were tangerines and apples stained with strawberry pink. 4. He came in slowly, hesitated, took up a toothpick from a dish on the top of the piano, and went out again. 5. But I was exceedingly nice, a trifle diffident, appropriately reverential. 6. From the edge of the sea came a ripple and whisper. 7. They went side by side, hand in hand, silently toward the hedge. 8. The light outside had chilled, and threw a chalky whiteness on the river. 9. Thousands of sheets must be printed, dried cut. 10. Opening the drawer he took from the sachet a handkerchief and the framed photograph of Fleur. 11. The captain was mostly concerned about himself, his own comfort, his own safety. 12. Her mother was speaking in her low, pleasing, slightly metallic voice. 13. And suddenly she burst into tears of disappointment, shame and overstrain. 14. She extended a slender hand and smiled pleasantly and naturally. 15. Then, without a word of warning, without the shadow of a provocation, he bit that poodle's near foreleg. 16. It could be smashed by violence but never forced to fulfil. 17. Never before had the friar had such power and never had his voice rung out with such a clad of doom.
Part II. Word order
Word order is of much great importance in English. As in English words have hardly any inflexions and their relation to each other is shown by their place in the sentence and not by the position of different parts of the sentence at will, especially that of the subject and the predicate.
E.g. Mrs. Winter sent the little boy with a message to the village one December day.
If we put the direct object in the first place and the subject in the third, the meaning of the sentence will change altogether because the object, being placed at the head of the sentence, becomes the subject and the subject, being placed after the predicate, becomes the object.
E.g. The little boy sent Mrs. Winter with a message to the village one December day.
This sentence may serve as an example of direct word order in an English declarative sentence:
a) the subject;
b) the predicate;
c) objects;
d) adverbial modifiers.
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