Position of the object

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 1245.

The usual position of the object in declarative sentences is after the predicate.

Position of the object
in exclamatory sentences the direct object may occupythe first place	What wonderfully blue eyes you have, Ernest!
in declarative sentencesthe front positionof the object serves the purpose ofemphasis.	A fearful voyage I had with such a monster in the vessel.
the direct object acquires some prominence when it is separated from the predicate by some secondary part of the sentence– generally an adverbial modifier or a prepositional indirect object.(This is called – back position of the object). This occurs when the object has an attribute.	She produced from her pocket a most housewifely bunch of keys. I had at heart a strange and anxious thought. Cowperwood smiled as he saw in the morning papers the announcement* of the passage of each ordinance granting him a franchise.*
in declarative sentencesthe prepositional indirect objectis more commonin the front position. Note: sometimes the front position of the prepositional indirect object causes inversion.	Of his love he would tell her nothing. To Martin the future did not seem so dim. To this circumstance may be attributed the fact that none of the letters reached my hand.

Ex. 3. Comment upon the position of the objects.

1. Titus fetches Judith her things from the rack. 2. What did you say to him? 3. I hope, contrary to your prediction, that we may meet again: though I shall certainly not offer you my company in the forceable future, nor of course will I expect any answer to this-communication. 4. Beppe told him of some sculpture arid then gave it to him. 5. He tore a leaf from his pocket-book,” wrote a few words and gave it to me. 6. She pitied the poor young gentleman for having no one to look after him. 7. The other candle I gave to Mr. Bruff... 8. She gave him her hand. 9. To them it was the most enduring material in the world. 10. Blanche, I can smell the sea air. The rest of my time I'm going to spend on the sea. 11. He bought with his wife's money, a fairly large house in the new redbrick part of Beldover. 12. A word about Palmer is necessary; and this I find difficult. 13. With the wet weather Lorenzo had forbidden Contessina to leave the palace. To Michelangelo she did not seem frail. 14. For me, the watches of that long night passed in ghastly wakefulness. 15. Curious joy she had of her lectures. 16. Helen she held a little longer than me. 17. With one hand Bodkin preferred the picture to the foreign market, with the other he formed a list of private British collectors. 18. To him perpetual thought of death was a sin. 19. Of Mrs. Bretton I had long lost sight. 20. To kicks and curses, to hurry and dislike, it closed a hard stone veil around its soft inner nature. 21- Why he had selected that as an excuse, he had no idea.

Position of the attribute
I. pre-position of the attribute
It is placed before the word it modifies. The order in which the attributes follow each other is generally free, i.e. it can be easily changed. Note: When two or more attributes denoting age, colour, material, and nationality refer to the same noun the order is as follows: various (5), age (4), colour (3), material (2), nationality (1) little is placed immediately before the noun in diminutive meaning	What extraordinary ideas you have about the way to behave to a woman! She had brought her a bright yellow (3) spotted silk (2) blouse and a purple (3) Angola(1)sweater. He was naked and painted blue and yellow in stripes – a jolly little chap.
II. Post-position of the attribute
1. adj. in –able and –ible are generally placed after the noun, if it is preceded by the adj. only or an adj. in the superlative degree. Note: But there are a few adj. with the same suffixes that stand before the nouns they modify.	The only person visible was a young little boy. He is the only reasonable man here.
2. In some stock phrases the adj. is placed after the noun.	wealth untold–айтылмайтын байлық from times immemorial –ұмытылмас уақыттан бері a poet laureate – ақын лауреат generations unborn – келер ұрпақ court martial - әскери-жорық сот sum total – жалпы сома four years running – қатарыныан өткен төрт жыл the first person singular – бірінші жақтағы жекеше түр the second person plural - екінші жақтағы көпше түр
3. The adj. proper (затында, тегінде) and present (қатысқан) are placed after the noun. Note: These meanings of proper and present are not to be confused with the meanings of proper and present when used in pre-position.	We shan't find anything about sculpture in this book, it deals with architecture proper. Бұл кітапта біз мүсін өнері туралы ешнәрсе таба алмаймыз, ол тегінде сәулет өнеріне арналған. All the people presentwelcomed Paul Robenson enthusiastically. Қатысқандардын барлығы Пол Робсонды қуана қарсы алды. This is not a proper answer to a question of this kind. Our present task is to preserve peace in the world.
4. Attributes expressed by cardinal numerals denoting the place of the object in a series always follow the noun modified. No article is used in this case: page ten, tram number six, room two.	Room two is on the ground floor.
5. Adj. stand after indefinite and negative pronouns.	There is nothing extraordinary in her dress. I'd like to read something very interesting.
6. Attributes expressed by prepositional phrases follow the noun modified.	As a gesture of proud defiance he had named his son Francis Nicholas.

Ex. 4. Comment upon the position and the order of the attributes and say where it can be changed.

1. In the rich brown atmosphere peculiar to back rooms in the mansion of a Forsyte the Rembrandtesque effect... was spoiled by the moustache... 2. In front of her on a low mosaic table was the tray of drinks and three glasses. 3. We simply couldn't conduct our business, my dear young man, without scrupulous honesty in everybody. 4. When her cry was over Dulcie got up arid took off her best dress” and put on her old blue kimono. 5. On the third linger, set in a gold ring, was the great white sapphire. 6. Henry Ogden wore finger-rings and a big gold watch and careful neckties. 7. He looked in at a place on the way. "H'm! in perfect order of the eighties, with a sort of yellow oilskin paper on the walls." 8. Ting-a-lingo gave it a slight lick with his curly blackish tongue. 9. Now and then Liz hummed bars of foolish little songs. 10. Sensitive, imaginative, affectionate boys get a bad time at school... 11. А little unsteadily but with watchful and brilliant eyes Liz walked tip the avenue. 12. Her mother was speaking in her low, pleasing, slightly metallic voice — one word she caught: „Demain". 13. He put his packet of easy vegetables very deliberately on the new violet tablecloth, removed his hat carefully, and dabbled his brow, and wiped out his hat brim with an abundant crimson and yellow pocket handkerchief. 14. Then there was a moment of absolute silence. 15. Antonia stood on the thick black rug by the fire.

Ex. 5. Arrange the attributes in their proper order.

1. Alongside, in the... water, weeds, like yellow snakes were writhing and nosing with the __ current. (green, deep) 2. The marqueterie cabinet was lined, with __ plush, full of family relics. (red, dim) 3. In __ slippers and an __ coat Keith Darrant sits asleep. (red, Turkish; old, velvet, brown) 4. He, alone, perhaps, of painters would have done justice to Annette in her __ dress. (lacy, black) 5. Ting-a-ling did not stir. "You" take me for a __ dog, sir" his silence seemed to say. (English, common) 7. This letter, with a __ border and seal, was accordingly dispatched by Sir Pit Crawley to his brother the Colonel in Lnd. (huge, black) 7. Behrmah in his __ shirt, took his seat as the hermit miner on an upturned kettle for a rock. (blue, old) 8. The next day came the __ bull, drawing the cart to the office door. (red, little) 9. He was naked and painted blue and yellow in stripes a __ chap. (jolly, little) 10. "You and I," the little dog seemed saying with his __stare "object." (little; Chinese)

Position of the adverbial modifier
1. An adverbial modifier of time is generally placed either at the beginning or at the end of the sentence. Adverbs now and then can be placed in nearly any position.	On Tuesday night the new laundrymen arrived. Probably we shall try tomorrow. Tess then remembered that there would have been time for this.
2. An adverbial modifier of place is generally placed either at the beginning or at the end of the sentence. It comes between the predicate and the prepositional object. They generally precede those of time and purpose.	Down in the hill yard a Bessemer furnace was blowing flame into the sky. Geodin led the guests into the parlour. I am going to the country tomorrow. Sybil had gone to town to buy a new carpet for the first floor landing.
3. An adverbial modifier of frequency precedes the predicate verb in a simple tense form but the verb to be and all modal verbs. In compound tense form it follows the first auxiliary. But when it is emphasized it stands before the verb to be. Sometimes it occupies the first place. Sometimes and generally may be placed either before or after the verb. In interrogative sentences they come immediately after the subject.	No one ever loved me. She was always on the point of telling him the truth. It will never be Frank! He sometimes thought that he would never again betray her. I got so lonely here sometimes. Did you everhave shoes like that? Does he often come to see you.
4. An adverbial modifier of manneris place after the predicate if the verb is intransitive, and after the direct object if the verb is transitive. It stands between the predicate-verb and the prepositional indirect object though it is also found after the object. Adverbs stand immediately before the predicate. In compound tense forms they come after the last auxiliary.	“You needn't worry about me,” Louise said stoutly. Cokane shakes hands effusively with Sartorius. She leaned lightly against his shoulder. I slowly descended. Mr. Earnest has been suddenly called back to town.
5. An adverbial modifier of degreeprecedes the predicate; if the verb is in compound tense form it follows the first auxiliary. Adverb enough follows the adjective, but may follow or precede a noun. When enough modifies a noun it may either follow or precede it.	I entirely agree with you. He has quiteforgotten about the concert. He is clever enough but very lazy. I have time enough to do it. I have enoughtime to do it

Ex. 6. Comment upon the position of the adverbials. Say whether they can be placed differently.

1. She turned away and pulled off her overcoat with a sudden gesture and went to the side table where the drinks and the glasses stood. 2. She flattered me and lavishly displayed for my pleasure all her charms and accomplishments. 3. I want to get away from home for a time for a certain reason. 4. How long do you remain in town? 5. Once inside the prison yard, Zanders turned to the left into a small office. 6. In the driving-seat, with his head fallen sideways so that he was almost toppling out on to the road, was Calvin Blick. 7. He looked at her more than once, not-stealthily, or humbly, but with a movement of hardy, open observation. 8. Aileen blazed at once to a furious heat. 9. She [Savina] had just arrived home. 10. Wearily he dropped off his horse, made his way to his workshop, saddlebag over his shoulder. 11. Stanley, not once did you pull any wool over this boy's eyes. 12. His face for the moment was flushed and swollen with anger. 13. Only sometimes in dreams did I experience certain horrors, glimpses of a punishment which would perhaps yet find its hour. 14. Every afternoon he discovered afresh that life was beastly. 15. Then the heart of Polly leapt, and the world blazed up to wonder and splendour. 16. And for all his attempts at self-reproach and self-discipline he felt at bottom guiltless. 17. Johnson was off duty that morning, and devoted the time very generously to the admonitory discussion of Mr. Polly's worldly outlook. 18. Never had she experienced such a profound satisfaction of anger and hatred. 19. To know a man we must know his guts and blood. Never have I seen the inside of a man.

Part III

THE COMPOSITE SENTENCE

The composite sentence is a sentence consisting of two or more clauses. In its structure a clause is similar to a simple sentence, but unlike a simple sentence it forms part of a bigger syntactical unit.

Within a composite sentence clauses may be joined by means of coordination or subordination, thus forming a compound or a complex sentence respectively.

Coordination is a way of linking grammatical element to make them equal in rank.

Subordination is a way of linking grammatical elements to makes one of them dependent upon the other (or they are mutually dependent).

1. The door of Henry's lunch-room opened, and two men came in.

2. I have come to you, because I know from reading your accounts that you are Mr. Sherlock Holme's most intimate acquaintance.

These sentences may be graphically presented in the following way:

The door …opened

and

two men came in

I have come to you

because I know …

that you are …

A compound sentence may contain coordination clauses extended by subordinate clauses, and the resulting structure is a compound-complex sentence.

Pooh was very proud when he heard this, and he felt that Heffalump was as good as caught already, but there was just one other thing which had to be thought about.

The scheme of the above compound-complex sentence

Pooh was very proud

and

he felt

but

there was just one other thing

when he heard this	that H. was as good as caught already	which had to be thought about

A complex sentence may contain subordinate clause joined by means of coordination, the resulting structure being a complex sentence with homogeneous subordinate clauses.

I must impress upon you again that you are in a very great danger, and that the utmost frankness is necessary.

The scheme of a complex sentence with homogeneous clauses.

I must impress upon you again

that you are in a very great danger	and	that the utmost frankness is necessary

THE COMPOUND SENTENCE

КҮРДЕЛІ сөйлем

A compound sentence is a sentence which consists of two or more clauses coordinated with each other. A clause is part of a sentence which has a subject and a predicate of its own.

Types of connection
syndetical	asyndetical
a) coordinating conjunctions (and, or, else, but,) b) conjunctive adverbs (otherwise, however, nevertheless, yet, still, therefore)	without conjunctions or conjunctive adverbs
The darkness was thinning, but the street was still dimly lighted. He knew there were excuses for his father, yet he felt stick at heart.	The rain fell softly, the house was quiet. He uttered no other words of greeting; there was too strong a rush of mutual consciousness.

Types of coordination
copulative (сабақтастыр ғыш)	and, nor, neither …nor, not only …but (also)	It was a nice little place and Mr. and Mrs. Witla were rather proud of it. Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more easily. Mr. Home did not lift his eyes from his breakfast-plate for about two minutes, nor did he speak.
disjunctive (талғаулы)	or, else, or else, either .. or, otherwise	He knew it to be nonsense or it would have frightened him. Don't come near me with that look else I'll knock you down. Either our union must be concentrated and sealed by marriage or it cannot exist.
adversative (үйлеспеулі)	but, while, whereas, nevertheless, still, yet	The room was dark, but the street was lighter because of its lamps. He had a glass eye which remained stationary, while the other eye looked at Reinhardt. I was not unhappy, not much afraid, yet I wept.
causative-consecutive (себеп-салдар)	for, so, therefore, accordingly, consequently, hence	There was something amiss with Mr. Lightwood, for he was strangely grave and looked ill. After all, the two of them belonged to the same trade, so talk was easy and happy between them.

THE COMPLEX SENTENCE

ҚҰРМАЛАС сөйлем

A complex sentence consists of a principal clause and one or more subordinate clauses.

Types of connection
syndetical	asyndetical
subordinating conjunctions or connectives	without conjunctions or connectives
More and more, she became convinced that some misfortunes had overtaken Paul.	I wish you had come earlier. Circumstances try the metal a man is really made of.

Types of subordinate clauses
1. subject clauses	a) conjunctions that, if, whether	It was unfortunate that the patient was brought in during the evening. Whether she was determined to bring matters to a crisis, or whether she was prompted by some private sign from Mr. Buff, is more than I can tell.
b) connectives who, what, which, whoever, whatever; where, when, how, why	What was done could not be undone. It's a grand thing when you see the working class in action.
c) asyndetically	It is a pity her brother should be quite a stranger to her.
2. predicative clauses (link verb)	a) conjunctions that, if, whether, as if	Our attitude simply is that facts are facts. It was as if these men and women had matured.
b) connectives who, what, which; where, when, how, why	But this time, just about sunset, was always what I loved best. That was why you were not one bit frightened.
c) asyndetically	Another thing was they had nurse Andrews staying on with them that week.
3. object clauses	a) conjunctions that, if, whether	Jane wondered if Brian and Margaret were really suited for one another. Time will show whether I am right or wrong.
b) connectives who, what, which, whatever, whichever; where, when, how, why	I'll do just what I say. I don't know where he developed his prose style, probably in the best of schools, the open air.
c) asyndetically	He said there was nothing much the matter with me.
4. attributive clauses	attributive relative clauses (qualify the antecedent)	1) restrictive (It can not be removed without destroying the meaning of the sentence. It is not separated by a comma) a) relative pronouns (who, whose, which, that, as) b) relative adverbs (where, when) c) asyndetically	You could not but feel sympathy for a man who took so much delight in simple things. They spoke no moreall the way back to the lodging where Fanny and her uncle lived. And he is no come to that stage of life when a man like him should enter into public affairs. I think my father is the best man I have ever known.
2) non-restrictive (It can be left out without destroying the meaning of the sentence, often separated by commas) a) relative pronouns (who, which) b) relative adverbs (where, when)	Mr. Prusty, who kept no assistant, slowly got of his stool. She uttered a wild scream, which in its heart-rending intensity seemed to echo for miles. He went in alone to the dining-room where the table was laid for one.
attributive appositive clauses (disclose the meaning of the antecedent)	The antecedent is expressed by an abstract noun, not separated by a comma conjunctions that, whether adverbs how, why	He stopped in the hope that she would speak. With his former doubt whether this dry hard personage were quite in earnest, Clennam again turned his eyes attentively upon his face. There was no reason why she should not read it. Thus to Cytherea and Owen Gray the question how their lives would end seemed the deepest of possible enigma.
5. adverbial clauses of	time	conjunctions when (scarcely … when, hardly … when, no sooner … than), while, whenever, as, till, until, as soon as, as long as, since, after, before, now that	My mother died when I was eight years old. You can stay here as long as you want. This is the claim I made on you, now that we have found each other. Hardly had they entered the house, when she sight deeply.
place	conjunctions where, wherever	I am quite comfortable where I am. The street singers and players were making their nightly pilgrimage, pausing, wherever they saw a lighted window or a dark figure on a balcony.
cause (reason)	conjunctions as, because, since, for fear (that), on the ground that, for the reason that	As he had a liking for the spot, he seldom let a week pass without paying it a visit. Since you are here, we may begin our talk.
pur pose	conjunctions that, in order that, so that, lest	Wounds sometimes must be opened in order that they may be healed. I crouched against the wall of the gallery so that I should not be seen.
condition	conjunctions if, unless, suppose, in case, on condition that, provided	If he is not hare by the end of the week, I shall go after him. I will do anything you wish, my brother, provided it lies in my power.
concession	conjunctions and connectives though, although, as, no matter, how, however, whoever, whatever, whichever, notwithstanding that, in spite of the fact that	I enjoyed that day, though we travelled slowly, though I was cold. He went forward to meet his uncle prepared to suppress the agitation he must feel, whatever news he was to hear.
result	conjunction so that (so … that, such … that)	Darkness had fallen and a keen blizzard was blowing, so that the streets were nearly deserted. He is so weak physically that he can hardly move.
man ner	conjunction as	She did exactly as he told her. Joe left the house as he had entered it.
comparison	conjunctions than, as, as … as, not so…as, as if, as though	Mr. Direck's broken wrist healed sooner than he desired. We were going up the road as fast as we could.
6. paren thetical clauses	You are, I am afraid, far more urgently in need of medical advice than your daughter. The last and last step in the investigation brought matter, as they say, to a crisis. Her singing is something quite exceptional, I think.

Ex. 2. Define the kinds of subordinate clauses (subject, object and predicative clauses). Translate into Kazakh.

1. Miss Casement stopped what she was doing and stared at Rainsborough. 2. What you saw tonight was an ending. 3. About what was to come she reflected not at all. 4. It's odd how it hurts at these times not to be part of your proper family. 5. The trouble with you, Martin, is that you are always looking for a master. 6. Suddenly realizing what had happened, she sprang to her feet. 7. "It looks as though spring will never come," she remarked. 8. I want you to sit here beside me and listen to what I have to say. 9. Who and what he was, Martin never learned. 10. That I am hungry and you are aware of it are only ordinary phenomena, and there's no disgrace. 11. What he would do next he did not know. 12. It was only then that I realized that she was travelling too. 13. What I want is to be paid for what I do. 14. I cannot help thinking there is something wrong about that closet. 15. And what is puzzling me is why they want me now. 16. That was what I came to find out. 17. What I want to know is when you're going to get married. 18. Her fear was lest they should stay for tea. 19. That they were justified in this she could not but admit. 20. What was certain was that I could not now sleep again. 21. What vast wound that catastrophe had perhaps made in. Georgie's proud and upright spirit I did not know. 22. After several weeks what he had been waiting for happened. 23. And let me say to you in the profoundest and most faithful seriousness that what you saw tonight will have no sequel. 24. I understand all that, but what I want to know is whether or not you have lost faith in me? 25. He could recall with startling clarity what previously had been dim and evasive Recollections of childhood incidents, early schooling and young manhood. 26. It's been my experience that as a rule the personality of a human being presents as much of a complexity as the medical history of a chronic invalid. 27. He [Coperwood] had taken no part in the war, and he felt sure that he could only rejoice in its conclusion — not as a patriot, but ass a financier. 28. He felt as if the ocean separated him from his past care, and welcomed the new era of life which, was dawning for him. 29. It was noticeable to all that even his usual sullen smile had disappeared. 30. That I had no business, with two women on my hands already, to go falling in love with a third troubled me comparatively little. 31. I only write down what seems to me to be the truth. 32. Believe me, believe us, it is what is best for you. 33. Pleasantly excited by what she was doing, she momentarily expected somebody to stop her and remind her that she had forgotten to buy the evening paper and had failed to take the bus home at the usual time. 34. I dislike what you call his trade.

Ex. 3. Define the kinds of attributive clauses.

1. "Everybody who makes the kind of blunder I did should apologize," he remarked with a pronounced nodding of his head. 2. Rachel had become aware of the fact that she was talking loudly. 3. He took after his blond father, who had been a painter. Rosa took after her dark-haired mother, who had been a Fabian. 4. What we are interested in, as author and reader, is the fact that publishing in England is now, an integral part of big business. 5. The first thing Martin did next morning was to go counter both to Brissenden's advice and command. 6. The invalid, whose strength was now- sufficiently restored, threw off his coat, and rushed towards the sea, with the intention of plunging in, and dragging the drowning man ashore. 7. He was suddenly reminded of the crumpled money he had snatched from the table and burned in the sink. 8. Georgie, who is now twenty-six, had been an undergraduate at Cambridge, where she had taken a degree in economics. 9. He would speak for hours about them to Harry Esmond; and, indeed, he could have chosen few subjects more likely to interest the unhappy young man, whose heart was now as always devoted to these ladies; and who was thankful to all who loved them, or praised them, or wished them well. 10. I hardly know why I came to the conclusion that you don't consider it an altogether fortunate attachment. 11. He walked to the window and stood there looking at the winter night that had finally come upon them. 12. What terrified her most was that she found deep in her heart a strong wish that Mischa might indeed want to reopen negotiations. 13. Directly in front of her window was a wide terrace with a stone parapet which swept round to what she took to be the front of the house, which faced the sea more squarely. 14. He spent half the week in Cambridge, where he lodged with his sister and lent his ear to neurotic undergraduates, and the other half in London, where he seemed to have a formidable number of well-known patients. 15. I went upstairs to lie down and fell into the most profound and peaceful sleep that I had experienced for a long time. 16. "Palmer Anderson," said Georgie, naming Antonia's psychoanalist, who was also a close friend of Antonia and myself. 17. She looked to him much the same child as he had met six years ago... 18. Rosa had the feeling that she was both recognized and expected. 19. Maybe the reason you don't want to go to a specialist is because you don't want to change — you want to stay as you are. 20. Gretta regarded him with a look on her face that was unrevealing of her thoughts. 21. Such light as there was from the little lamp fell now on his face, which looked horrible — for it was all covered with blood. 22. Three days after Gretta and Glenn Kenworthy's Saturday night party, which was still being talked about among those who had been present, Royd Fillmore presented a formal resignation to the governing board of Medical Square Clinic.

Ex. 5. Insert who, whom, that, which, as.

1. One oil lamp was lit in the bow, and the girl __ Mr. Tench had spotted from the bank began to sing gently __ a melancholy, sentimental and contended song about a rose __ had been stained with true love's blood. 2. None of us __ were there will ever forget that day. 3. I don't believe all __ they write in these books. 4. The great protective cover under __ the Germans had operated was torn from them. 5. I call her probably the very worst woman __ ever lived in the world. 6. I saved such of the equipment __ could not be replaced, and I saved the personnel... 7. Pettinger was pleased that Prince Yasha, __ was a cool observer and a military man... estimated the situation exactly as he, himself, did. 8. There was a feeling in the air and a look on faces __ he did not like. 9. All __ I can remember is that you gave a beautiful performance.

Ex. 6. Define the nature of adverbial clauses. Translate into Kazakh.

1. He too had moved and was now standing where she had been a moment before. 2. Once they reached the open country the car leapt forward like a mad thing. 3. Alban's eyes glittered as he looked at the buses and policemen trying to direct the confusion. 4. He watched until the final wisp of smoke had disappeared. 5. Even after Glenn had nodded urgently to her, she continued to look as if she did not know whether to run away from him or to walk back down the corridor to where he stood. 6. And he followed her out of the door, whatever his feelings might be. 7. I came away the first moment I could. 8. If anything particular occurs, you can write to me at the post-office, Ipswich. 9. A cat with a mouse between her paws who feigns boredom is ready to jump the second the mouse makes a dash for freedom. 10. Gladys leaned forward and then turned her head so that she could look Penderel almost squarely in the face. 11. I could work faster if your irons were only hotter. 12. The aftermath of the cub reporter's deed was even wider than Martin had anticipated. 13. But these two people, insufferable though they might be in other circumstances, were not unwelcomed. 14. Brissenden lay sick in his hotel, too feeble to stir out, and though Martin was with him often, he did not worry him with his troubles. 15. Had the great man said but a word of kindness to the small one, no doubt Esmond would have fought for him with pen and sword to the utmost of his might. 16. When Rainsborough received this news he was made so miserable by it that he was not sure that he could survive. 17. However friendly she might seem-one day, the next she would have lapsed to her original disregard of him, cold, detached, at her distance. 18. Howard puffed his cigarette thoughtfully before speaking, as if he was still uncertain about what he should say. 19. How she would reach the villa, and what she would find there when she arrived, she had not even dared to imagine. 20. I paused while she took off her coat... 21. I don't know what would have concluded the scene, had there not been one person at hand rather more rational than myself, and more benevolent than my entertainer. 22. And you will find that it is scarcely less of a shock for you because you saw what you expected to see. 23. When he left the car, he strode along the sidewalk as a wrathful man will stride, and he rang the Morse bell with such viciousness that it roused him to consciousness of his condition, so that he entered in good nature, smiling with amusement at himself. 24. Wherever they were together or separate, he appeared to be travelling in one intellectual direction or along one mental groove, and she another. 25. As I had no taste for this particular discussion, and also wanted to get off the subject of ray dear brother, I said, "What will you be doing on Christmas Day?" 26. "In that case said Palmer, "since we are going away for good, I doubt if we shall meet again." 27. Dazed as he was, he realized that there was just a chance of escape. 28. No matter how brilliant a physician is, a thing like that will ruin his career. 29. She could hardly hear his voice, so deafening and continuous was-the clatter of the waves upon the stones. 30. At least it was good to be on one's legs again, and though the night was hideous, the situation seemed less precarious than it did when one was sitting in there, playing fantastic tricks with mechanisms. 31. It means to make the plane a part of you, just as if it were strapped behind you the minute it became airborne.

Ex. 7. Define the kinds of clauses introduced by that.

1. His smile was so easy, so friendly, that Laura recovered. 2. It was just luck that he didn't catch the boat. 3. It infuriated him to think that there were still people in the state who believed in a loving and merciful God. 4. The impression he gathered was that he would be able to make his own terms. 5. In the front hall, under a large picture of fat, cheery old monks fishing by the riverside, there was a thick, dark horse-whip, that had belonged to Mr. Spears' father 6. At first she used to read to me, but it was such a dismal performance that I could not bear to hear her. 7. I remember the landscape was buried deep in snow, and that we had very little fuel. 8. In fact, Mrs. Spears' callers made the remark that you never would have known that there was a child in the house. 9. I believe that all we claim is that we try to say what appears to be the truth, and that we are not afraid either to contradict ourselves or to retract an error. 10. The box that the fur came out of was on the bed. 11. "I sit alone that I may eat more," said the Baron, peering into the dusk...

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Inverted word order of words | I. Definition der Wortgruppe.

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