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Date: 2015-10-07; view: 554.
Paper – glass – coffee – time - cold / light / orange / iron /chicken
The / any / some / much / how much / this / that
● the water in the river is very clean. ● Have we got any bread?
● We have some bread, but we don't have any butter.
● We don't have much time left. ● How much food do we need for ten people.
§ هناك كلمات أخرى يمكن أن تكون countable أو uncountable مع اختلاف المعني مثل:
§ I'd like some writing paper.(ورق الكتابة - لا يعد)
§ I'm going to buy a paper. (= a newspaper)
§ The window's made of unbreakable glass. ( الزجاج - لا يعد)
§ Would you like a glass كوبof water?
§ Have you got any coffee?
§ Could I have two coffees? (cups of coffee)
§ Don't hurry. There's plenty of time.
§ He went to London three times. مرات
§ Don't go out in the cold without a coat. البرد عموما
§ I've got a bad cold. نزلة برد
§ There are two oranges on the table. برتقال
§ I don't like orange. I prefer red.
§ This table is made of iron. الحديد (لا يعد)
§ She bought an iron yesterday. مكواة
§ Do you like chicken? (= chicken meat)
§ The sun gives us light الضوء / لا تُعد
§ We need two lights in this room. مصباح كهربي
¨بعض الكلمات التي تُشير إلي مجموعات يمكن أن يُستخدم معها فعل مفرد أو جمع:
Team / committee / family / class / army / company / couple / crew / crowd / gang / group / navy / population / staff / university /
● The home team is winning the match. هنا الكلام عن الفريق كوحدة واحدة
● The team are travelling tonight to their next match. هنا نقصد الفريق كأفراد
¨ العبارات الدالة علي الكمية و المبالغ المالية والزمن و الثمن و المسافة و الوزن ودرجات الحرارة تُعامل معاملة المفرد مع الفعل:
● Ten million pounds is a lot of money.
● Fifty litres of petrol fills my car.
● Five kilometres is a long way to walk.
● Two hours is a long time to wait.
● Fifty degrees is a very high temperature.
¨ ولكن لاحظ أننا نقول:
● Three one-pound coins are on the desk. ثلاث عملات معدنية من فئة الجنيه
¨ بعض الأسماء المنتهية بحرف s يُستخدم معها دائما فعل مفرد:
● Politics was my best subject at university.
● Athletics is my favourite sport.
§ لاحظ أن lots of /a lot of / plenty of تستخدم في الإثبات مع الكلمات التي تعد و الكلمات التي لا تعد و تستخدم a great deal of مع الكلمات التي لا تعد فقط
§ He bought a lot of sugar.
§ He needs plenty of books.§ There's a great deal of money in the safe.
§ تستخدم much في السؤال و النفي مع الكلمات التي لا تعد
§She doesn't need much money.
§ Did you buy much sugar?
§ تستخدم many في الســؤال و النفــي مع الكلمات التي تعـــد
§He didn't see many places in London.
§Did you invite many people to your party last week?
§ تستخدم many/ much في الإثبات إذا جاء قبلهما إحدى الكلمات آلاتية too/ so / very
§ There is so much sugar in my coffee.
§a Little للكمية / a few للعدد = some تفيد الإثبات
§I have a little money. = I have some money. (Positive جملة مثبتة)
§He has a few books. = He has some books.
§ He has a little furniture.
§ They work a few hours a week.
§ little / few = hardly any = almost no(t) تفيد النفي
§She has few friends. = She has hardly any friends.
She had little money. = She had almost no money.
§ They got little information, did they? § He writes few letters, does he?
§ يمكن استخدام أدوات تجزئة مع الكلمات التي لا تعــد و في حالة الجمع تجمع أداة التجزئة فقط وفيما يلي بعض الأمثلة
| A piece of information | A piece of luggage | A piece of furniture | A piece of jewellery |
| A cup of coffee | A jar of jam | A loaf of bread | A slice of cake / cheese |
| A sheet of paper | A bar of soap | A tube of toothpaste | A glass of lemonade |
| A piece of advice | A bar of chocolate | A bottle of milk |
§أسماء الأشياء المكونة من جزأين مثل gloves / scissors / trousers / shoes / socks glasses نستخدم معها كلمة pair وبدون كلمة pair تُعتبر هذه الكلمات جمع:
His trousers are dirty. فعل جمع A pair of socks doesn't cost much money. فعل مفرد
§الكلمات الآتية لها نفس صيغة المفرد و الجمع:
crossroads تقاطع طرق / means وسيلة / series سلسلة/ species نوع
§A means of transport is… §Means of transport are…
§الأسماء الآتية دائما جمع و يأتي معها الفعل جمع :
clothes / goods سلع / troops قوات / arms أسلحة / remains بقايا / police / people / cattle
●The police are looking for two terrorists.
§كلمة hair لاتُعد إذا قصدنا الشعر بصفة عامة :
● His hair is black.
§ولكننا يمكن أن نقول :
● I have got a hair in my mouth. شعرة واحدة
§كلمة the public بمعني عامة الناس يأتي معها الفعل جمع أو مفرد :
●The public has / have the right to know everything.
§كلمة school بمعني المكان الذي يتعلم فيه الطلاب لا تُعد أما إذا قصدنا المدرسة كمبني فهي تُعد :
● She drives the kids to school every morning.
● They're building a new school in the village.
Exercises on Grammar:
Choose the correct answer:
1. How (much – many – long – little) people are there in the team?
2. How many seconds (is – are – were – would) there in an hour?
3. Ten kilometres (have – been - is - are) a long way to run.
4. Would you like (some – much – a – any) cup of tea?
5. One of the pages in the book (is – are – were – have been) torn.
6. We didn't take (some – many – much – little) photographs yesterday.
7. Ali was listening to (a – many – one – some) music.
8. We didn't do (a – much – many – some) shopping last week.
9. I still have (a little – much – one – a few) things to do.
10. I am going to buy (some – a few – two – one) bread.
11. If you want to know the news, you can read (much paper – many paper – a paper – paper).
12. I want to print some documents, but the printer is out of (papers – paper – a paper – many papers)
13. Bad news (don't – doesn't – haven't – aren't) make people happy.
14. John is unemployed. He can't get (job – profession – work – position).
15. Can you give me (an – some – many – one) advice?
16. I don't have (many – some – much – a lot) luggage.
17. They spend (a lot of – many – a few – a) money on travel.
18. Enjoy your trip. Have (a – many – a few – any) good time.
19. I need a new (pair – couple – double – jar) of sunglasses.
20. I have (a – a few – any – a lot) problem. Can you help me?
21. How (much – many – few – little) students are there in your school?
22. Have you finished (a – some – one – the) book I lent you?
23. She has (the – an – a – many) French name, but in fact she's English.
24. I am going away for (some – many – much – a) week in September.
25. There isn't (a – the – some – many) supermarket near where I live.
Find the mistakes in each of the following sentences then write them correctly:
1. How much coffees have you drunk today?
2. Do we have a rice left?
3. How many money do you need for your holiday?
4. Fifty degrees are a very high temperature
5. Athletics were my father's favourite sport.
6. The team usually plays very well
7. The people in our group was watching the film.
8. Hurry! There is not many time left.
9. Two five-pound notes is on the table.
10. The police is chasing the suspect.
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