B. Vocabulary practice

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 536.

A. Comprehension

Answer the questions:

1) What is an enhanced oil recovery?

2) What is the difference between enhanced oil recovery and secondary recovery?

3) What is chemical flooding?

4) What chemical solutions are used to reduce surface tension between oil and water and to improve sweep efficiency?

5) What is miscible displacement?

6) What fluids are usually used for miscible displacement?

7) Is the effect of gas injection similar to that of a solution gas drive? What is it?

8) What is thermal recovery? When do geologists usually use this method?

9) What changes does crude oil undergo during thermal recovery?

10) What factors influence the optimal application of each type of the enhanced oil recovery operations?

I. Give English equivalents for:

1) передовые технологии; 2) изменять исходные свойства нефти; 3) восстанавливать давление пласта; 4) энергия, поступающая извне; 5) разрабатываться при помощи многочисленных скважин; 6) достигать экономического предела; 7) извлекать не более 25% нефти из резервуара; 8) зависеть от многих факторов, таких как: температура, давление проницаемость, пористость, водонасыщенность и так далее; 9) процессы нагнетания, при которых используются специальные химические растворы; 10) уменьшать поверхностное натяжение между нефтью и водой; 11) улучшать эффективность вытеснения; 12) закачиваться специальным образом, через нагнетательные скважины; 13) нефть, оставшаяся после первичной и вторичной добычи; 14) поддерживать давление за счет снижения межфазного натяжения между нефтью и водой; 15) минерализация воды; 16) сжиженный нефтяной газ (пропан-бутановые фракции); 17) уменьшать вязкость нефти; 18) добыча нефти тепловыми методами; 19) использоваться при добыче вязкой, густой нефти; 20) подвергаться физическим и химическим изменениям; 21) изменять такие физические свойства нефти как: вязкость, удельный вес и межфазное натяжение; 22) образовывать соединения с меньшей молекулярной массой; 23) разрыв углеродно-водородных связей; 24) нагнетание пара в пласт; 25) внутрипластовое горение.

II. Give the Russian equivalents for:

1) to use enhanced oil recovery methods; 2) to begin smth after a secondary recovery process or at any time during the productive life of an oil reservoir; 3) energy required for lifting fluids from the producing wells; 4) methods for supplementing the pro­duction of crude oil; 5) at the additional cost; 6) to supply ex­traneous energy to the reservoir; 7) to increase to an overall average of 33 percent of the original oil; 8) chemical flooding, miscible displacement, thermal recovery; 9) injection processes that use special chemical solutions; 10) to improve sweep efficiency; 11) to mobilize oil left behind after primary or secondary recovery; 12) to be subdivided into micellar-polymer flooding and alkaline flooding; 13) solution gas drive; 14) to displace the chemicals and the resulting oil bank to production wells; 15) to introduce miscible gases into the reservoir; 16) interfacial tension between oil and water; 17) liquefied petroleum gas; 18) methane enriched with light hydrocarbons; 19) under suitable reservoir conditions of temperature and pressure; 20) to be less expensive than liquefied petroleum gas; 21) to introduce heat into a reservoir; 22) to undergo physical and chemical changes; 23) different reactions such as cracking and dehydrogenation; 24) hot fluid injection; 25) in-situ combustion processes.

III. Fill in the appropriate word(s) from the list below into the extracts and translate them into Russian:

a) production, particular, reservoir, solution, chemical, to minimize, displaced, potential, water flooding, residual oil, to be left, slug, to recover, advances.

Recent … in chemical flooding technology, including new high-performance chemicals, have the potential … significant amounts of oil left behind after primary recovery and … processes.

Generally more than half of the oil … in the ground at the end of water flooding operations due to partial sweep of the reservoir by the water and the … that is left where the water has invaded. Chemical flooding has the … to displace and produce a significant portion of that remaining oil. A … of a chemical formulation is injected and … through the … . The chemical formulation, which includes surfactants, solvents, polymer and/or alkali, is designed for the … oil/brine/reservoir rock system. Surfactants in the formulation mobilize the residual oil forming an oil bank which is displaced to … wells. Concentration of polymer is selected … the mixing zone between the chemical slug and the oil bank. Solvents and alkali are added to the … formulation to improve the performance of the surfactants. The chemical slug is displaced through the reservoir by a … containing polymer to minimize mixing, followed by a water drive.

b) oil, thermal recovery, viscosity, factor, crude, artificial drive, hot water, to enter, through, injection, interfacial tension.

Steam flood is a method of … in which steam generated at surface is injected into the reservoir … specially distributed … wells.

When steam … the reservoir, it heats up the crude oil and reduces its … . The heat also distills light components of the crude oil, which condense in the oil bank ahead of the steam front, further reducing the oil viscosity. The … that condenses from the steam and the steam itself generate an … that sweeps oil toward producing wells.

Another contributing … that enhances oil production during steam injection is related to near-wellbore cleanup. In this case, steam reduces the … that ties paraffins and asphaltenes to the rock surfaces while steam distillation of … oil light ends creates a small solvent bank that can miscibly remove trapped … .

c) to push, fire, oxygen, vaporization, combustion, to ignite, combustion, toward, known, heavy.

A method of thermal recovery in which … is generated inside the reservoir by injecting a gas containing …, such as air, is called in-situ … . A special heater in the well … the oil in the reservoir and starts a fire.

The heat generated by burning the … hydrocarbons in place produces hydrocarbon cracking, … of light hydrocarbons and reservoir water in addition to the deposition of heavier hydrocarbons … as coke. As the fire moves, the burning front … ahead a mixture of hot … gases, steam and hot water, which in turn reduces oil viscosity and displaces oil … production wells.

d) chemical, limited, to produce, application, reservoir, to be applied, relatively, technique, suitable.

Well stimulation method involves the … treatment of the … rock immediately surrounding a well, the overall objective being to modify the wettability of the reservoir rock to a more water-wet state and thus … additional oil via spontaneous imbibition. Because the method can … to single wells it is … low cost.

A successful … of this method provides a low cost production enhancement process … for use at small to large scale oil fields. The … is mostly envisioned to provide a production enhancement opportunity for small producers with … investment capabilities.

IV. Match the following terms with their definitions and give their Russian equivalents:

miscible flooding, steam injection, in-situ, fire flooding, injection well,miscible, sweep efficiency, surface tension

1. A well used for injecting fluids (air, steam, water, natural gas, gas liquids, surfactants, alkalines, polymers, etc.) into an underground formation for the purpose of increasing recovery efficiency.

2. In its original place; in position; such recovery refers to various methods used to recover deeply buried bitumen deposits, including steam injection, solvent injection and fire floods.

3. An improved recovery technique which is used to reduce the viscosity of the crude oil.

4. Phases that can mix and form a homogeneous mixture.

5. A measure of the effectiveness of an enhanced oil recovery process that depends on the volume of the reservoir contacted by the injected fluid.

6.A measure of attraction between the surface molecules of a liquid

7. An oil-recovery process in which a fluid, capable of mixing completely with the oil it contacts is injected into an oil reservoir to increase recovery.

8. A method of thermal recovery in which a flame front is generated in the reservoir by igniting a fire at the sand face of an injection well.

V. Explain the following terms using a specialized dictionary and glossary, give their Russian equivalents and make up your own sentences with them:

water saturation, reservoir pressure, residual oil, well cleanup