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Date: 2015-10-07; view: 530.

Unit 3. Well Control

С. Discussion

Topics for discussion:

1. Enhanced oil recovery

2. Offshore and onshore production.

Well control is the management of the dangerous effects of unexpected high pressures on the surface equipment of drilling rigs searching for oil and/or gas. Some type of drilling fluid is generally used to aid in well control. Failure to manage and control these pressure effects can cause serious equipment damage and injury/loss of life. Well control situations that are improperly managed cause blowout, which is the uncontrolled and explosive expulsion of fluids from the well, usually resulting in a fire. Properly trained personnel are essential for well control activities.

Well control includes the monitoring for the symptoms of impending pressure imbalance situations and the procedures for operating well site equipment to understand the situation and take remedial actions.

The activities involved in well control are: Blowout Prevention program, Monitoring and Maintaining Mud System, Installing BOPs (Blowout Preventers), Accumulator, and Choke Manifold, Testing BOPs Accumulators and Choke Manifold.

Formation kick.

A flow of reservoir fluids into the wellbore during drilling operations is called a kick. It can be the result of improper mud density control, an unexpected overpressured (shallow) gas pocket, or may be a result of the loss of drilling fluids to a formation called a "thief zone". If the well is a development well (and not a wildcat), these thief zones should already be known to the driller and the proper loss control materials would be used. However, unexpected fluid losses can occur if a formation is fractured at the depth of the drill bit, causing rapid loss of hydrostatic pressure and flow of formation fluids from a shallower formation into the wellbore. Overpressured gas pockets are generally unpredictable and usually cause the more violent blowouts.

The primary means of detecting a kick is the loss of circulation back up to the surface into the mud pits. The mud engineer keeps track of the level in the mud pits, and a drop in this level would indicate lost circulation to a formation. The rate of mud returns is also closely monitored to match the rate that it is being pumped downhole. If the rate of returns is slower than expected, then a certain amount of the mud is being lost to a thief zone. In the case of the overpressured gas pocket, an increase in mud returns would be noticed when the formation gases push the drilling mud to the surface at a rapid rate.

The first response to detecting a kick would be to isolate the well from the surface by activating the BOPs. Once the wellbore is isolated, the drilling crew would attempt to circulate in a heavier "kill fluid" to increase the hydrostatic pressure (usually with the assistance of a well control company), compress the kick gases, and slowly circulate out the gas in a controlled manner, taking care not to allow the gas to accelerate up the wellbore.

Often, however, companies drill underbalanced for better, faster penetration rates and thus they "drill for kicks" as it is economically sounder to take time to kill a kick than to drill overbalanced (slow penetration rates). Under these circumstances calling in a "well control" specialist is not necessary.

Blowout.

When all the controls described above fail, a blowout occurs. Blowouts are dangerous since they can eject the drill string out of the well, and the force of the escaping fluid can be strong enough to damage the drilling rig. Blowouts often ignite due to the presence of an ignition source, from sparks from rocks being ejected along with flammable fluids, or simply from heat generated by friction. (Rarely the flowing gas will contain poisonous hydrogen sulfide and the oil operator might decide to ignite the stream to convert this to less hazardous substances.) A well control company will then need to extinguish the well fire and/or cap the well, and replace the casing head and hangars.

Sometimes, blowouts can be so forceful that they cannot be directly brought under control from the surface, particularly if there is so much energy in the flowing zone that it does not deplete significantly over the course of a blowout. In such cases, other wells (called relief wells) may be drilled to intersect the well or pocket, in order to allow kill-weight fluids to be introduced at depth. (Contrary to what might be inferred from the term, such wells generally arenot used to help relieve pressure using multiple outlets from the blowout zone.)

An "underground blowout" is a special situation where fluids from high pressure zones flow uncontrolled to lower pressure zones within the openhole portion of the wellbore. Usually they come up the wellbore and fracture shallower formations typically near the last casing shoe. Underground blowouts can be very difficult to bring under control although there is no outward flow at the drill site itself. However, if left unchecked in time the fluids may find their way to the surface elsewhere in the vicinity.