B. Vocabulary practice

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 502.

A. Comprehension

Answer the questions:

1) What is well control?

2) What can improper management of well control situations cause?

3) What does well control include?

4) What factors can cause a kick?

5) What is the primary means of detecting a kick?

6) What is the first response to detecting a kick?

7) Why do some companies drill underbalanced?

8) Why are blowouts so dangerous?

9) What are relief wells drilled for?

10) What is an "underground blowout"?

I. Give English equivalents for:

1) наземное оборудование буровой установки; 2) контролировать давление; 3) серьёзные повреждения оборудования; 4) неконтролируемое и взрывоопасное выделение флюидов; 5) подготовленный персонал; 6) программа предотвращения выбросов; 7) газовый карман; 8) контролировать плотность бурового раствора; 9) падение гидростатического давления; 10) основной метод определения резкого повышения давления; 11) поглощение бурового раствора; 12) резервуар для бурового раствора; 13) отслеживать уровень бурового раствора; 14) восходящий поток бурового раствора; 15) бурение при пониженном гидростатическом давлении в стволе скважины; 16) быть экономически более выгодным; 17) нерегулируемый выброс; 18) тепло, вырабатываемое трением; 19) содержать ядовитый сероводород; 20) ликвидировать пожар в скважине; 21) пробурить глушащую скважину; 22) увеличенная плотность бурового раствора, достаточная для глушения скважины; 23) предотвратить переток флюидов из пласта повышенного давления в пласт пониженного давления; 24) часть ствола скважины, не закреплённая обсадными трубами; 25) быть установленным на буровой площадке.

II. Give Russian equivalents for:

1) the management of the dangerous effects of unexpected high pressures; 2) the surface equipment of drilling rigs; 3) well control situations that are improperly managed; 4) well control activities; 5) the result of improper mud density control; 6) the loss of drilling fluids; 7 ) to be fractured at the depth of the drill bit; 8) flow of formation fluids from a shallower formation into the wellbore; 9) to cause the more violent blowouts; 10) the loss of circulation back up to the surface into the mud pits; 11) to be slower than expected; 12) an increase in mud returns; 13) to push the drilling mud to the surface at a rapid rate; 14) to isolate the well; 15) to compress the kick gases; 16) to drill underbalanced for better, faster penetration rates; 17) to eject the drill string out of the well; 18) the force of the escaping fluid; 19) to ignite due to the presence of an ignition source; 20) not to be brought under control from the surface; 21) not to deplete over the course of a blowout; 22) to allow kill-weight fluids to be introduced at depth; 23) not to be used to help relieve pressure; 24) within the open-hole portion of the wellbore; 25) to be very difficult to bring under control.

III. Fill in the appropriate word(s) from the list below into the extracts and translate them into Russian:

a) mud, flow, predictable, fluid, maintaining, valves, to encompass, well-control

Well control is the technology focused on … pressure on open formations (that is, exposed to the wellbore) to prevent or direct the … of formation fluids into the wellbore. This technology … the estimation of formation … pressures, the strength of the subsurface formations and the use of casing and … density to offset those pressures in a … fashion. To conduct … procedures, large … are installed at the top of the well to enable well site personnel to close the well if necessary.

b) openhole, underground blowout, reservoir fluids, mixture, formation, production, catastrophically, drilling, to flow

Blowout is an uncontrolled flow of … into the wellbore, and sometimes … to the surface. A blowout may consist of salt water, oil, gas or a … of these. Blowouts occur in all types of exploration and … operations, not just during … operations. If reservoir fluids … into another … and do not flow to the surface, the result is called an …. If the well experiencing a blowout has significant … intervals, it is possible that the well will bridge over (or seal itself with rock fragments from collapsing formations) downhole and intervention efforts will be averted.

c) kill well, annulus, uncontrolled, reservoir, surface, expensive, to continue, high-pressure, fracturing, crossflow, crew

Underground blowout the … flow of reservoir fluids from one reservoir into the wellbore, along the wellbore, and into another … . This … from one zone to another can occur when a … zone is encountered, the well flows, and the drilling … reacts properly and closes the blowout preventers (BOPs). Pressure in the … then builds up to the point at which a weak zone fractures. Depending on the pressure at which the … occurs, the flowing formation can … to flow and losses continue to occur in the fractured zone. Underground blowouts are historically the most … problem in the drilling arena, eclipsing the costs of even … blowouts. It may prove necessary to drill a second … in order to remedy an underground blowout.

d) formation, to be closed, tests, probability, to seal, to regain, sizes, regular, control, wellbore, safety, hardened, valve, density, to be initiated

Blowout preventer is a large … at the top of a well that may … if the drilling crew loses … of formation fluids. By closing this valve (usually operated remotely via hydraulic actuators), the drilling crew usually … control of the reservoir, and procedures can then … to increase the mud … until it is possible to open the BOP and retain pressure control of the … . BOPs come in a variety of styles, … and pressure ratings. Some can effectively close over an open …, some are designed … around tubular components in the well (drill pipe, casing or tubing) and others are fitted with … steel shearing surfaces that can actually cut through drill pipe. Since BOPs are critically important to the … of the crew, the rig and the wellbore itself, BOPs are inspected, tested and refurbished at … intervals determined by a combination of risk assessment, local practice, well type and legal requirements. BOP … vary from daily function testing on critical wells to monthly or less frequent testing on wells thought to have low … of well control problems.

IV. Match the following terms with their definitions and give their Russian equivalents and make up your own sentences with them:

hydrostatic pressure, lost circulation, drill string, kill-weight fluid, thief zone, drilling fluid, rig, mud pit

1. The reduced or total absence of fluid flow up the annulus when fluid is pumped through the drill string.

2. The machine used to drill a wellbore.

3. Any of a number of liquid and gaseous fluids and mixtures of fluids and solids (as solid suspensions, mixtures and emulsions of liquids, gases and solids) used in operations to drill boreholes into the earth.

4. A formation encountered during drilling into which circulating fluids can be lost.

5. The normal, predicted pressure for a given depth, or the pressure exerted per unit area by a column of freshwater from sea level to a given depth.

6. The combination of the drill pipe, the bottomhole assembly and any other tools used to make the drill bit turn at the bottom of the wellbore.

7. A large tank that holds drilling fluid on the rig or at a mud-mixing plant.

8. A mud whose density is high enough to produce a hydrostatic pressure at the point of influx in a wellbore and shut off flow into the well. It, when needed, must be available quickly to avoid loss of control of the well or a blowout.

V. Explain the following terms using a specialized dictionary and glossary, give their Russian equivalents and make up your own sentences with them:

underbalanced drilling, valve, to kill the well, BOPs