Chemical composition

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 507.

Ex. 3

Ex. 2

UNIT 1

Unit 1 MY SPARE TIME

Research:

Prepare a presentation about (slide show presentation/film/poster):

1/ a language school are offering some leisure activities to its prospective students (advertisement);

2/ a psychological research suggesting some ways to relax / come over a depression with the help of spare time activities;

3/ a presentation of the book ‘Leisure Time in Future' (Switch on your imagination)

Use active vocabulary from unit 1.

OIL & GAS

Ex. 1Read and translate the text. Make sure that you know Russian equivalents for the following:

crude oil; carbon; hydrogen; sulfur; oxygen; nitrogen; hydrocarbons; solvents; fertilizers; alkanes.

Petroleum (from Latin petra – rock and oleum – oil) or crude oil (also known as black gold) is a black, dark brown or greenish liquid found in formations in the earth. The American Petroleum Institute defines it as "a substance, generally liquid, occurring naturally in the earth and composed mainly of mixtures of chemical compounds of carbon and hydrogen with or without other nonmetallic elements such as sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen."

Petroleum is found in porous rock formations in the upper strata of some areas of the Earth's crust. It consists of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, mostly alkanes, but may vary greatly in appearance and composition. Petroleum is used mostly, by volume, for producing fuel oil and petrol (gasoline), both important "primary energy" sources. Petroleum is also the raw material for many chemical products, including solvents, fertilizers, pesticides, and plastics. 84% of all petroleum extracted is processed as fuels, including gasoline, diesel, jet, heating, and other fuel oils, and liquefied petroleum gas; the other 16% is converted into other materials such as plastic.

Known reserves of petroleum are estimated at around 3.74×10¹² barrels, (3740000000000) and consumption is currently around 84×10⁶ barrels per day, or 31×10⁹ barrels per year. Usable oil reserves are only about 1/3 of total reserves. At current consumption levels, world oil supply would be gone in about 33 years. However, this ignores any additions to known reserves, changes in demand, etc. As the supply of petroleum becomes more scarce, consumers may look to alternative fuel sources such as ethanol, fuel cells, electric vehicles, or clean-burning hydrogen. Petroleum forms naturally within the earth too slowly to be sustainable for human use.

Questions to answer:

1. What is 1 US barrel, I British barrel? Which of them is used in oil industry?

2. Explain what is meant by “clean-burning hydrogen”

Translate the text into English. Pay attention to the structure of italicized sentences.

Сырая нефть – природная легко воспламеняющаяся жидкость, которая находится в глубоких осадочных отложениях и хорошо известна благодаря ее использованию в качестве топлива и сырья для химического производства. Химически нефть – это сложная смесь углеводородов с различным числом атомов углерода в молекулах; в их составе могут присутствовать сера, азот, кислород и незначительные количества некоторых металлов.

Природные углеводороды чрезвычайно разнообразны. Они охватывают широкий круг минералов от черных битумных асфальтов до светлых летучих нефтей, которые могут быть непосредственно использованы как бензин в качестве моторного топлива. Между этими крайними случаями нефти имеют различный цвет и запах и значительно различаются по своим химическим и физическим свойствам. По цвету они могут быть желтыми, зелеными, янтарными, вишнево-красными, красно-коричневыми, темнокоричневыми или черными, некоторые нефти в отраженном свете флуоресцируют в зеленых или пурпурных цветах. Одни имеют приятный эфирный запах, другие – свежий, душистый; запах прочих напоминает скипидарный или камфорный, но многие имеют очень неприятный запах обычно из-за наличия сернистых соединений. По составу некоторые нефти приближаются к почти чистому бензину, другие вовсе не содержат бензиновых фракций. Аналогичным образом масляные фракции в некоторых нефтях составляют значительный процент, тогда как в других они отсутствуют. Встречаются залежи парафинового воска, и для таких твердых битумов как минерала имеется собственное название – горный воск (озокерит).

Из сырой нефти различными физико-химическими методами производится более 3 тыс. продуктов. Эти продукты включают горючие газы, бензин, лигроин, растворители, керосин, газойль, бытовое топливо, широкий состав смазочных масел, мазут, дорожный битум и асфальт; сюда относятся также парафин, вазелин, медицинские и различные инсектицидные масла. Масла из нефти используются как мази и кремы, а также в производстве взрывчатых веществ, медикаментов, чистящих средств, пластмасс, все возрастающего числа различных химикатов. Многие нефтеперерабатывающие предприятия производят не только индивидуальные углеводороды, но и многие химические производные этих углеводородов.

Read and translate the text. Make sure that you know Russian equivalents for the following:

fossil fuel; methane; carbon dioxide; sour gas; hazardous; asphyxiant; explosions.

Natural gas is commonly referred to as gas. Gas is a gaseous fossil fuel consisting primarily of methane. It is found in oil fields and natural gas fields, and in coal beds. When methane-rich gases are produced by the anaerobic decay of non-fossil organic material, these are referred to as biogas. Sources of biogas include swamps, marshes, and landfills (see landfill gas), as well as sewage sludge and manure by way of anaerobic digesters, in addition to enteric fermentation particularly in cattle.

The primary component of natural gas is methane (CH₄), the shortest and lightest hydrocarbon molecule. It also contains heavier gaseous hydrocarbons such as ethane (C₂H₆), propane (C₃H₈) and butane (C₄H₁₀), as well as other sulphur containing gases, in varying amounts, see also natural gas condensate. Natural gas also contains and is the primary market source of helium.

Nitrogen, helium, carbon dioxide and trace amounts of hydrogen sulfide, water and odorants can also be present. Mercury is also present in small amounts in natural gas extracted from some fields. The exact composition of natural gas varies between gas fields.

Organosulfur compounds and hydrogen sulfide are common contaminants which must be removed prior to most uses. Gas with a significant amount of sulfur impurities, such as hydrogen sulfide, is termed sour gas and often referred to as “acid gas”. Processed Natural gas that is available to end-users is tasteless and odorless, however, before gas is distributed to end-users, it is odorized by adding small amounts of thiols, to assist in leak detection. Processed Natural gas is, in itself, harmless to the human body, however, natural gas is a simple asphyxiant and can kill if it displaces air to the point where the oxygen content will not support life.

Natural gas can also be hazardous to life and property through an explosion. Natural gas is lighter than air, and so tends to dissipate into the atmosphere. But when natural gas is confined, such as within a house, gas concentrations can reach explosive mixtures and, if ignited, result in blasts that could destroy buildings. Methane has a lower explosive limit of 5% in air, and an upper explosive limit of 15%.

Explosive concerns with compressed natural gas used in vehicles are almost non-existent, due to the escaping nature of the gas, and the need to maintain concentrations between 5% and 15% to trigger explosions.