GRAMMAR: Modal Verbs and their Equivalents
Date: 2015-10-07; view: 562.
Read the whole text in English.
We are what we make. When we look на крупнейшие отрасли промышленности в Америке – we see cars, oil, пластмассы, электронно-вычислительные машины, мясо и сталь at the top of the list. Indeed, the three largest manufacturing industries связаны с транспортировкой, а более конкретно – с автомобилями. That fact says a lot о географических размерах Америки and a national ethos based on individualism, car culture, and personal mobility.
Другие приоритеты включают в себя информацию (through advertising, printing, newspapers, magazines, and books), электронику, weapons and defense; медицинское оборудование, toiletries, and packaging. In all, the list рассказывает довольно интересную историю о нашей культуре и нашей экономике.
Size of the U.S. top industries (approximate figures)
Motor vehicles and car bodies – $140 billion
Petroleum refining – $122 billion
Automotive parts – $96 billion
| a) | necessity, obligation долженствование | — | must (n't), (don't) have to, ought to, be to, should (n't) – должен |
| b) | ability, possibility возможность | — | can ('t), could, be able to – мочь, уметь |
| c) | permission разрешение | — | may, be allowed to –мочь, иметь разрешение |
Modals:
a) obligation
You must (have to, should) do this work carefully (должен). You had to do this work yesterday (должен был). He is to visit our country next summer (должен, планирует). You mustn't copy (не должен списывать, запрещается). You shouldn't tell lies (не должен).
b) possibility, ability
He can (is able to) translate the text himself (может). He could (was able to)translate this text at the last lesson (мог).
c) permission
I may (am allowed to) work in the laboratory (могу, имею разрешение). You will be allowed to work in the laboratory next week (разрешат).
Note:
We use have / has to to talk about obligation. It usually means that somebody else (not the speaker) wants somebody to do something.
E.g. People have to pay taxes. (It's the law).
Do they have to work?
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