Natural Disasters

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 434.

Unit 3

Key

SELF-TESTING

1. 1. needn't have brought. 2. needn't have watered. 3. didn't have to translate. 4. didn't have to answer. 5. needn't have locked. 6. didn't have to ring. 7. didn't have to help. 8. needn't have written. 9. needn't have listened. 10. needn't have bought.

2. 1. needn't bring. 2. have to get up. 3. needn't learn, must read. 4. mustn't play. 5. had to light. 6. must give. 7. mustn't be late. 8. must do. 9. must say. 10. is to be married. 11. mustn't miss. 12. needn't strike. 13. was to make, had to speak. 14. don't have to bring. 15. are to be. 16. didn't have to wait. 17. must.

3. 1. must. 2. had to. 3. must. 4. have to. 5. had to. 6. must. 7. had to. 8. must. 9. have to. 10. must.

4. should have prepared, had to. 2. needn't get up. 3. should discuss. 4. needn't worry. 5. needn't walk, should take. 6. needn't have hurried. 7. has to, have to. 8. should go. 9. had to knock. 10. needn't have given.

Self-Correcting work: 1A, 2D, 3C, 4C, 5C, 6A, 7A, 8D.

1. Look at the photos of natural disasters and comment on them, then match them to their descriptions below.

a. Landslide rubble buries a car in northern India's Doda district in 2011. The devastating erosion was the result of a downpour that washed soil, rocks, and other debris onto the Doda-Batote highway.

b. Hail emerges from storm clouds only after repeatedly tumbling up and down within the cloud. The stronger the updraft in the cumulonimbus, the more layers of ice will form around a single frozen raindrop, until it becomes too heavy and falls to the ground.

c. Gabra women in northern Kenya spend up to five hours a day carrying heavy jerry cans filled with murky water. A lingering drought has pushed this already arid region to a water crisis.

d. While avalanches are sudden, the warning signs are almost always numerous before they let loose. Yet in 90 percent of avalanche incidents, the snow slides are triggered by the victim or someone in the victim's party. Avalanches kill more than 150 people worldwide each year. Most are snowmobilers, skiers, and snowboarders.

e. A man walks a handrail in Chongqing, China, to avoid a torrent of muddy floodwater during the soggy summer of 2007. Flooding and subsequent landslides in the southwestern part of the country were deadly, taking at least 60 lives, according to local news reports.

f. Lightning cracks during an eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajökull volcano in 2010. The eruption's ash clouds delayed European air travel for nearly a week. Storms over volcanoes contain the same ingredients as storms over your hometown—water droplets, ice, and occasionally hail. The interaction of all of these elements creates an electrical charge that sparks lightning. Active craters add ash to the mix.

g. A tornado heads toward two cars on a country road near Campo, Colorado. Technically considered a part of thunderstorms, tornadoes can cover tens of miles of ground. Their winds have been recorded at nearly 300 miles per hour.

h. Earthquakes, also called temblors, can be so tremendously destructive, it's hard to imagine they occur by the thousands every day around the world, usually in the form of small tremors. Some 80 percent of all the planet's earthquakes occur along the rim of the Pacific Ocean, called the "Ring of Fire" because of the preponderance of volcanic activity there as well. Most earthquakes occur at fault zones, where tectonic plates—giant rock slabs that make up the Earth's upper layer—collide or slide against each other. These impacts are usually gradual and unnoticeable on the surface; however, immense stress can build up between plates. When this stress is released quickly, it sends massive vibrations, called seismic waves, often hundreds of miles through the rock and up to the surface. Other quakes can occur far from faults zones when plates are stretched or squeezed.

i. Hurricanes are giant, spiraling tropical storms that can pack wind speeds of over 160 miles (257 kilometers) an hour and unleash more than 2.4 trillion gallons (9 trillion liters) of rain a day. These same tropical storms are known as cyclones in the northern Indian Ocean and Bay of Bengal, and as typhoons in the western Pacific Ocean.

2. Enter the site of the National Geographic dedicated to natural disasters and simulate a tornado. Tell about the conditions for it to form: cold / warm air, presence / absence of moisture, types of winds. How strong was it? What were the consequences?

3 (a). Divide into two groups and defend your list of 3 most vs. and 3 least dangerous natural disasters using the appropriate speaking strategies.

3 (b). Read about another natural disaster, a heat wave, in the southwest of the USA and correct the statements below.

Kevin Martin of Corona, California, poses for a snapshot by an unofficial thermometer at the Furnace Creek Visitor Center in Death Valley National Park on Sunday, June 30. A record-setting and deadly heat wave has spread across the American West.

The Southwest heat wave made June the hottest month on record for Las Vegas, Death Valley, and Needles, California, the National Weather Service said Monday, which added that the high temperatures are not over yet.

Forecasters extended the excessive heat warning in place for much of California, Nevada, and parts of Arizona through 11 p.m. on Independence Day, warning of "dangerously hot temperatures."

Monday saw new record temperatures across the region. Death Valley hit 127 degrees, breaking the old record for the day by two degrees, said the National Weather Service in Las Vegas.

Five people were treated for heat-related illnesses over the weekend at Lake Mead, just east of Las Vegas.