Fourier, Robert Owen)

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 512.

Utopian socialism ( the end of the 19- the beginning of the 19 centuries) (Clode Saint-Simon, Charle

Saint-Simon named it – industrialism, Fourier – a harmony, Owen – communism.

The new fair system had no private property, no exploitation, it based on labour, on just distribution,

on self-management and cooperation: there would be no contradiction between city and village, between

physical and intellectual labour.

Marxism (19 century):

the major ideas and achievements of marxist political economy:

1) further development of the labour theory of value;

2) the surplus value theory was created on the labour theory of value (the theory proves that

surplus value results from the exploitation of labour by capital owners);

3) a principally new analysis of the factors of production and factor incomes was made;

4) immanent contradictions of the capitalist economic system were analysed;

5) the conclusion is made that as production becomes more and more associated while

appropriation retains its private capitalist form, capitalism will inevitabl give way to another economic

system. In Russia : Georgy Plekhanov, Vladimir Ulianov-Lenin.

Neoclassicism: suggests that the economic science can be firmly grounded on the basic individual act

of subjectively choosing among alternatives.

Neoclassicism began with marginal revolution.

It included the following three subschools:

1) the marginal utility theory; (Austrian school: Karl Menger, von Wieser)

2) the marginal productivity theory; (American school: John Clark)

3) the mathematical school. (L. Walras, V. Pareto, W. Jevons)

Keynesian revolution- more fair income distribution, for effective deflationary policy, for restriction of market

competition. Keynes insisted on the necessity of the broad and intensive government interference in the economic life. He argued that only the government could prevent recessions, ensure economic stability, growth, and full employment.