CONTAINERS NOW AVAILABLE
Date: 2015-10-07; view: 486.
CARGO HANDLING
The growth of the air freight traffic during the last five-year periods has been stimulated not only by the economic expansion, but by the introduction of new aircraft into service. The appearance some years ago of large, wide-body cargo aircraft necessitated containerization to facilitate cargo handling and loading. This resulted in the introduction of pallets, equipped with a net to secure the load and anchored to the aircraft floor to provide safety in flight. The pallets are often enclosed in a plastic cover, whose shape matches that of the aircraft fuselage, to ensure that full use is made of the total volume available and make it easier to load the pallet.
The containers are modular in that smaller ones can fit inside larger types. This facilitates transfer of containers traffic from one type aircraft to another. And, some container types are compatible with containers in the programmes of the International Air Transport Association, thus permitting world-wide movement to be accomplished in the same container.
Some containers are considered to be an integral part of the aircraft. These include A type, developed primarily for the cabin of an all-cargo jet, and the LD-3 and LD-7, developed for the underbellies of the wide-body jets.
The A-type container, accomodating a maximum load of 10,000 pounds, covers the entire surface of the 88-by 125-inch pallets used aboard all-cargo jets. The top of the A container is contoured for the cabin space to be used fully.
The LD-7 container occupies the entire width of the underbelly of a wide-body, and eight such unite can be accomodated in the forward belly compartment of the B-747. An LD-7 container can hold up to 8,300 pounds. The LD-3 container handling a maximum load of 2,830 pounds occupies about half the space of the LD-7. Then, there is an insert, LD-N container that fits within the LD-3 and can accomodate a gross weight of 2,400 pounds.
There are five basic sizes of the containers, that are not
considered to be a part of the aircraft. The largest of these is
the type B. It can handle a maximum gross weight of 5,000 pounds.
Next comes the B-2, about half the size of the В and designed for
a gross maximum load of 2,500 pounds. Next comes the D, accoooda-
ting gross, weights of up to 2,000 pounds.
The two latest container types, the ones that will fit into the cargo compartment of virtually any airliner, are the E and QD, The smaller is the QD, so named because it is. about one-quarter the size of the D-type container. It can accomodate up to 400 pounds. The В container can handle up to 500 pounds.
Aircraft containers have many advantages. They are known to cut down on labour and other ground handling coats, make better use of an aircraft cargo capacity, protect cargo against possible damage, against the weather and, in particular, against loss of packages. Besides making "door-to-door" transportation feasible from the factory directly to the destination, as most of the containers are multi-model (i.e., suitable for both road and rail transport), they also permit to save considerably the loading and unloading time. In addition, a container is a very convenient package. It cuts down on some packaging costs. Containerization is also an effective security measure. If the container is locked and sealed with a registered and numbered seal, as ib usually the case today, the security of its contents is further ensured. Nevertheless, containers represent a rather serious management problem. To provide airborne safety they must be manufactured in accordance with strict aeronautical standards, must be subject to certification and require stringent maintenance (for Instance, a warped pallet may no longer fit properly into anchoring devices).
Упражнение 18. Просмотрите текст П. Разделите текст на 3-4 части в соответствии с его содержанием. Озаглавьте каждую часть по смыслу.
Упражнение 19. Отработайте по фонозаписи чтение следующих слов. Прослушайте и прочтите текст II вслух.
| seal easy these feasible convenient | equip permit stimulate facilitate particular considerably | net jet develop protect register | weather measure effective directly necessitate |
| traffic pallet damage compatible capacity handling expansion management | last large half part cargo rather compartment advantage | lock cost body problem volume economic accomplish accomodate | door floor small aboard warped quarter accordance aeronautical |
| Thus cut multy result cover introduction | world service further surface virtually transfer | freight weight labour against container available | Only load growth enclose program(me) |
| period serious appearance | aircraft airborne various | secure during ensure |
Упражнение 20. Подберите русско-английские эквиваленты.
| грузовые перевозки широкофюзеляжный самолет контейнерные перевозки грузовой реактивный самолет контейнеризация обработка груза поддон для контейнера многоцелевой контейнер крепить с помощью анкерного крепления занимать всю поверхность на борту самолета вес брутто трудовые затраты стоимость наземного обслуживания лучше использовать грузоподъемность самолета время погрузки время разгрузки снижать стоимость экономить время мера безопасности обеспечить сохранность груза содержимое контейнера перекос подлежать паспортизации | unloading time to cover the entire surface container traffic freight traffic to cut down on costs security measure to be subject to certification wide-body aircraft loading-time warp containerization container contents to ensure the cargo security pallet all-cargo jet cargo handling multi-model container to make better use gross weight ground handling costs aircraft cargo capacity aboard the airplane to save time labour costs to anchor |
Упражнение 21. Выпишите 15 "цепочек" слов с левыми определениями из текста II, дайте их перевод.
Упражнение 22. Определите, от каких частей речи и с помощью каких суффиксов (префиксов) произведены следующие слова из текста II. Переведите их. Приведите аналогичные примеры словообразования:
| expansion introduction addition containerization transportation certification destination association movement compartment management stimulate necessitate facilitate | Weight growth package advantage width security safety handling unloading loading accordance maintenance appearance service | economic basic modular particular international usually virtually suitable compatible considerable convenient effective serious easy |
Упражнение 23. Найдите в тексте II синонимы следующих слов:
increase, freight, growth, operation, airbus, to promote, safety, to ensure, world-wide, to house, to match, to allow, front, main, portion, airliner, dimension, to reduce, price, as a rule, flight safety, strict, for example, according to, transportation, straight, to put into service, the entire volume, to make it easier, underfuselage, section, to decrease, besides.
Упражнение 24. Объясните по-английски значение следующих слов и словосочетаний.
Образец : An airbus - a wide-body aircraft
Cargo aircraft, a container, containerization, cargo handling, a pallet, to anchor the pallet, to load the pallet, modular containers, an all-cargo jet, the underbelly, an insert container, gross weight, an advantage, door-to-door,transportation, the destination, a multi-model container, to save the loading time, airborne safety, an anchoring device, stringent maintenance, to be subject to certification, a warped pallet.
Упражнение 25. Переведите письменно первый и последний абзацы текста.
Упражнение 26. Закончите предложения по смыслу, используя выражения из текста II.
1. The growth of the air freight traffic has been stimulated by ... . 2. The introduction of wide-body cargo aircraft into service necessitated ... . 3. Containerization facilitates... . 4. The pallets are equipped with ... .. 5. The containers are modular to facilitate ... . 6. A-type containers are considered to be ... 7. The A-type containers were developed, primarily, for ... ,while the LD-3 and LD-7 containers were developed for ... . 8. The A-type container covers ... . 9. The LD-7 container occupies ... . 10. The E and QP-type containers can fit into ... . 11. The QD container is about one-quarter the size of ... . 12. The containers cut down on ... . 13. Containers make batter use of ... . 14. They protect cargo against ... , 15. Containerization permits to save ... . 16. To provide airborne safety containers must be manufactured in accordance with ... , must be subject to ... .
Упражнение 27. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту П.
l. What has stimulated the growth of the air freight traffic? 2. What did the appearance of wide-body cargo aircraft necessitate? 3. What did the Introduction of containerization result in? 4. What are the pallets equipped with? And what for? 5. Why are the pallets often enclosed in a plastic cover? 6. What makes it possible to transfer container traffic from one aircraft type to another? 7. Which containers are considered to be an integral part of the aircraft? 8. What is the cargo capacity of the A-type container? 9. Why is the A container top contoured? 10. Here are the LD-7 containers usually accomodated? 11. What maximum load can an LD-7 container accomodate? 12. What maximum gross weight can an LD-3 container hold? 13. What is the cargo capacity of an insert, LD-N container? 14. What are the basic types of containers, that are not considered a part of the aircraft? 15. What • maximum gross weights can they handle? 16. Which container types can fit into the cargo compartment of virtually any aircraft? 17. Why is the QD container so named? 18. What are the advantages of containerization? 19. What is considered to be a disadvantage of containerization? 20. What can you say or container traffic in our country?
Упражнение 28. Составьте план пересказа текста П.
Упражнение 29. Передайте содержание текста "Cargo используя активную лексику темы.
Упражнение 30. Составьте с помощью таблиц предложения со "сложным дополнением";
Образец: I. We expect the new service next year.
| want expect should(would) like like I would (I'd) like | to accelerate to improve to facilitate cargo handling to introduce into service to secure to transport to handle to cut down on one's costs to protect the security to provide to check in the ticket and baggage to minimize walking distances to reduce to a minimum to weigh |
Образец: 2. I have seen the passengers check-in their luggage
| see hear watch notice | check-in the luggage proceed to some counter purchase a ticket call the flight board the aircraft use automated people movers reduce weigh operate electrically transfer load deplane collect the luggage control accelerate air traffic |
Образец: 3. We suppose containerization to be the major problem of today's cargo traffic.
| Think Consider Believe Suppose Know hope | (to be) necessary to be the major problem to Improve cargo handling suppose- to facilitate (passenger transportation) to require cargo unitization to offer standardization and interchangeability of equipment to reduce costs to provide security to provide for (increased capacity) to be equipped with to be designed for |
Образец: 4. He ordered the work to be done immediately,
| ask order tell allow | (not)to start the engine to repair the conveyor to use containers to transport the baggage to produce explanation to be repaired to be handled |
Образец: 5. What makes you think so7
| make let | take part in attendwork at night address the enquiry office develop new cargo handling systems |
Упражнение 31. Найдите в тексте диалога и текстах I,II примеры "сложного дополнения" (их должно быть 3). Выпишите эти предложения и переведете на русский язык.
Упражнение 33. Найдите в текстах I, II примеры инфинитивной конструкции с предлогом for выпишите и переведите эти предложения на русский язык.
Упражнение 33. Составьте три предложения о данной конструкцией, используя активную лексику темы.
Упражнение 34. Найдите в тексте II субъектного инфинитивного оборота, выпишите их и переведите на русский язык.
Упражнение 35. Составьте предложения с помощью следующих таблиц, употребляя субъективный инфинитивный оборот.
Образец:1 Containerization is know to improve cargo handling.
| Consider Prove know | To be to improve to facilitate to increase to accelerate to reduce the costs to minimize to be widely used |
Образец:2
| to be to check in to start to finish to arrive to depart to board the plane to deplane |
Образец:3
| seem appear happen turn out prove | to be to depend on to affect to improve to facilitate to have (no) .to Increase to decrease to reduce |
Образец:4
| to arrive to depart to be used to improve to influence to reduce to minimize to come early |
Упражнение 36. Закончите следующие предложения инфинитивными сочетаниями, используя активную лексику темы. Обратите внимание на форму инфинитива, которая указывает на то, является ли действие или состояние, выраженное им; одновременным или предшествует действию (состоянию), виражаемому сказуемым предложения. Не забудьте правила-употребления частицы to с инфинитивом. Переведите полученные предложения на русский язык.
1. I аи glad to .... Н. Не will be able to ... .3. He was expected to ... .4. Our task is to ... . 5. It was kind of you to .• ... .6, The air traffic seems to ... . 7, The passenger had to ... . 8. He must ... (Внимание!). 9. I would like him to ... . 10. He didn't want us to ... . 11. 1'ou ought to ... . 12. We intended to ... . 13. It was necessary to ... . 14, He was the first to .... 15. We have содае to the airport to ... . 16. In order to ... tae terminal should be equipped with mechanized baggage conveyors. 1?. Cargo handling is known to .... 18. He ordered the engine to ... . 19. I saw the passengers ...(Внимание!). 20 We waited for the aircraft to ... . 21. They didn't allow ue to .... 22. Here is a new nystam for us to ... . 23. He made the> mechanic ... (Внимание! ). 2*. What made you ... . 25. Let hin ... (Внимание! ) 26, I would rather ... . 27. You'd better ... (Внимание! ).
Упражнение 37. Прочтите текст III. Определите, о чем в нем идет речь. Передайте краткое содержание текста на русском языке.
Text III. CARGO HANDLING PROBLEMS
In the handling of air cargo, three basic elements are prime factors In the constant battle to lower costs while increasing voluma. The first is the huge increase in cargo capacity, primarily from the wide-body jets. The second ie the widespread use of unitized load, either in palletized or containerized form.
While cargo unitlzlng has proved to bе thе key improvement in the cargo "package", the handling of this unit is still the major problem. Therefore, the third major element is the expanding use of mechanized interminal handllng systems for this palletized and containerized cargo. For this reason an emphasis is made on multi-level storage to best utilize the available, yet limited airport space. The time, required to prepare and move cargo to and from aircraft, has also had to be reduced to eliminate costly delays in handling waiting aircraft and to avoid hindering flight schedules.
Numerous specialized systems for handling cargo within the terminal building have been developed. The basic trend in the in-terminal cargo system designs is the use of modular unite that offer both standardization and interchangeability of equipment, while at the same time providing for flexibility in the systems' utilization. This offers substantial advantages by reducing the costs for engineering and manufacturing in the operation of the system and in day-to-day maintenance. The modular concept provides for easy expansion of an installed system. It is also possible to break down the components, move them to a different location and reinstall the system. The modular approach offers a highly efficient and versatile cargo handling operation. These systems are designed to accomodate high levels of cargo volume, while at the same time reducing Unit loading/handling time and costs. Generally, most cargo handling systems serve the following essential objectives: increased capacity, simplified work flow, reliability and low costs of operation and maintenance,
Notes: 1. unitized - уложенный в блоки
2. palletized - уложенный штабелями .
3. modular units - унифицированные блоки (секции,составляющие компоненты)
4. unit - удельный
Упражнение 38. Найдите в тексте III производные от следующих слов, переведите их,определите, какой частью речи они являются: hand, primary, low, body, spread, unit, pallet, container, improve, pack, mechanic, terminal, level, store, limit, cost, . wait, number, special, module, standard, change, equip, flex, utilize, substance, engineer, operate, maintain, expand, manufacture, install, ease, differ, locate, high, essence, object, simple, rely.
Упражнение 39. Выпишите из текста слова и словосочетания, непосредственно относящиеся к теме "Cargo Handling", дайте их перевод.
Упражнение 40. Переведите текст III письменно, обращая внимание на перевод инфинитивных сочетаний и других неличных форм глагола.
Упражнение 41. Дайте краткую аннотацию текста III на английском языке.
Упражнение 42. Закончите предложения, используя следующие английские экиваленты выражения "дело в том, что ...": 1. The point is that ... . 2. The thing is that ... . 5. The trouble is that ... . 4. The fact is that ... .
Упражнение 43. Одним-двумя английскими предложениями выразите свое отношение к полученной из текста III информации.
Упреждение 44. Прослушайте запись текста IV. Скажите по-русски (по-английски), о чем идет речь в текста.
Text IV. MECHANIZED AIR CARGO TERMINAL
It is one of the largest air cargo terminals, equipped with a complex mechanized operating system capable of handling 1,000 tons of cargo daily.
Housed within a 1,000 ft-long building, the terminal is de signed to handle food, clothing, machinery, spare parts and other supply requirements. It represents a system that begins as bulk material at the receiving docks, moves through the structure on towcarts, is formed into pallets and ends within the aircraft as palletized cargo bound for world-wide destination.
The terminal features an automatic seven-story towcart bin-type stacker system, somewhat similar to multilevel parking garages. Fifteen single-pallet build-up and break-down stations and five multi-pallet stations are provided to begin the process of handling bulk cargo deposited by trucks at the land side of the terminal.
The towcarts are marked with cargo for a particular destination or handling time sequence. The system incorporates an endless below-the-floor towline which propels the towcarts to predetermined palletizing positions with pit-lift capabilities. The pit lifts permit to lower pallets so that they can be easily reached by men and build-up to the configuration required by aircraft.
Four elevating transfer vehicles (ETV), running on rails within the terminal and with load capacities ranging from 15,000 lbs to 52,500 lbs are provided to move multi-pallet or single-
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