Attempts to Integrate the Three Approaches
Date: 2015-10-07; view: 468.
“There have been attempts to achieve integration of the three approaches to management. They are the systems approach, the contingency approach.
The systems approach to management is really a way of thinking about management problems. It views a company as a group of integrated parts with a single purpose. The action of one part will influence the others, and the managers cannot deal separately with individual parts. Managers, who use the systems approach, must view the company as a dynamic whole and must try to anticipate the intended as well as unintended impacts of their decisions. Such managers do not solve individual problems. They must adopt a broad perspective of their jobs. Using the systems approach managers can achieve coordination between the objectives of the various parts of the company and the objectives of the company as a whole.
The contingency approachforces managers to recognize that organizations are systems made up of interdependent parts. All the changes in one part affect the other part. The best idea of the contingency approach is that there is no best way to plan, organize or control. Managers have to find different ways to fit different situations. The approach seeks to match different situations with different management methods. It highlights increased globalization of enterprise and the need for more government business alliances to compete internationally, demands for ethical and social leadership, changing skill requirements of the work force, changing needs, preferences and desires of employees for job security, participation, ownership and personal fulfillment.”
As you can see it is very necessary to study multiple ways to compete, innovate, create, motivate and lead. Both the systems approach and the contingency approach can provide valuable results.
e) answer the questions:
1.Which approach is a way of thinking about management problems?
2. What is the basic idea of the contingency approach?
3. Compare these two approaches.
f) complete the table:
| adjectives | nouns | verbs |
| management | ||
| system | ||
| specific | ||
| apply | ||
| develop | ||
| survival | define |
2 Grammar and usage.
Adjectives ending in –ing, - ed
a) the - ingadjectives tells you about the job.
The–edadjectives tells you how somebody feels (about the job).
| My job is… | boring | I am… | bored |
| interesting | interested | ||
| tiring | tired | ||
| satisfying | satisfied | ||
| depressing | depressed | ||
| exciting | excited | ||
| shocking | shocked |
b) choose the correct word:
1. He works hard. It's not surprised/surprising that he always tired/tiring.
2. Do you easily get embarrassing/embarrassed?
3. It was terrifying/terrified experience. Everybody was shocked/shocking.
4. I am starting a new job next week. I am quite exciting/excited.
5. Are you interested /interesting in this job?
6. Going to new places is always interesting/interested.
7. Looking for a new job is tiring/tired.
8. She has learnt very fast. She has made astonishing/astonished progress.
c) forming opposites
Very often we use prefixes such as dis-, il-, im-, ir-, mis-, un-, to create negative forms of adjectives:
| dishonest | disorganized | dissatisfied |
| illegal | illegible | illicit |
| impatient | impossible | impractical |
| inaccurate | incompetent | informal |
| irregular | irrevocable | irrecoverable |
| mismanaged | misinformed | mistaken |
| uneconomic | unfashionable | unsuccessful |
Translate the adjectives and give the positive forms.
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