GRAMMAR REFERENCE
Date: 2015-10-07; view: 463.
TEST 2
TEST 1
Task 1. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words:
ïîíÿòòÿ, êîíöåïö³ÿ; îá´ðóíòîâóâàòè; óçàãàëüíåííÿ; íååôåêòèâíèé; ìåíåäæìåíò çàëó÷åííÿ; âèçíàííÿ; ðàäíèê; âïëèâàòè; øåäåâð; ó÷åí³ñòü, åðóäèö³ÿ.
Task 2. Give English equivalents of the following words:
utility; to resign; merit; heritor; grudge; to define; framework; to implement; managerial; intensification.
Task 3. Give the definitions of the following words:
initiation – the action of starting;
domination – control or power over or a very strong influence on smb./smth.;
marginal – close to the limit of acceptability;
to attach – to fasten or joint smth. to smth.;
cycle – a series of events that are regularly repeated in the same order.
Task 5. Identify the type of the following Adverbial clauses:
1 – time; 2 – place; 3 – cause; 4 – condition; 5 – concession.
Task 7. Rearrange the following jumbled words into sentences:
1. He has written more than 350 scientific works. 2. Oleh Kuzmin is a versatile scientist and talented pedagogue. 3. I am busy writing an article. 4. The scholar has published over 30 monographs and books. 5. Eight candidate dissertations have been successfully defended under his supervision.
Task 9. Make up the dialogue using phrases from both columns:
1 – e); 2 – d); 3 – b); 4 – c); 5 – a).
Task 10. Read the text and mark the statements given below “true” or “false”:
1 – true; 2 – false; 3 – false; 4 – true; 5 – false.
Task 1. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words:
ï³äòâåðäæóâàòè; âèòðàòè âèðîáíèöòâà; óäîñêîíàëþâàòè; çàïðîâàäæåííÿ; ïëàíóâàííÿ âèðîáíèöòâà; çíàìåíèòèé; ïðàãíåííÿ; ãðàíü, êðàé; âïëèâîâà îñîáà; âåòî.
Task 2. Give English equivalents of the following words:
successor; to recognise; heritance; appointment; business cycle; normative distribution of profit; producer; to initiate; improved; cost-accounting.
Task 3. Give the definitions of the following words:
cost – the price to be paid;
accumulation – increasing in number or quantity;
to define – to state or describe exactly the nature or extent of smth.;
grudgingly – unwillingly;
masterpiece – a task done with great skill.
Task 5. Identify the type of the following Adverbial clauses:
1 – place; 2 – time; 3 – result; 4 – manner and comparison; 5 – concession.
Task 7. Rearrange the following jumbled words into sentences:
1. The question was who was responsible for all this. 2. She advises clients where to invest their money. 3. It is very important that you implement this economic reform. 4. All managers must be influential. 5. He was a man of great scholarship.
Task 9. Make up the dialogue using phrases from both columns:
1 – c); 2 – e); 3 – b); 4 – a); 5 – d).
Task 10. Read the text and mark the statements given below “true” or “false”:
1 – false; 2 – true; 3 – true; 4 – false; 5 – true.
§ 1. THE NOUN
There are countable and uncountable nouns in the English language. Countable denote things that can be counted (a chair, an engineer, a question). Uncountables denote things which cannot be counted – names of different materials or abstractions (water, milk, management, planning). Countable nouns are used in singular and plural forms, uncountables have no plural form.
The plural of nouns is formed by adding -(e)s to the singular.
Pronunciation
| [s] – after voiceless consonant sounds, except [z], [∫], [t∫]. client – clients market – markets product – products request – requests | [z] – after vowels and voiced consonant sounds, except [z], [ç], [dç], [ç]. coin – coins name – names payee – payees customer – customers routine – routines | [iz] – after the sounds [s], [z], [∫], [t∫], [ç ], [dç]. loss – losses lease – leases branch – branches price – prices garage – garages change – changes |
Spelling
| The ending -es is added if | ||
| the noun ends in -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -tch, -x | the noun ends in –y, preceded by a consonant -y is changed into -i | the noun ends in –o, preceded by a consonant |
| status – statuses boss – bosses match – matches index – indexes class-classes | factory – factories penalty – penalties but play – plays key – keys | cargo – cargoes outgo – outgoes but ratio – ratios portfolio – portfolios |
Other cases of plural formation
1). If a noun ends in -f, -fe, it is changed into -v, -ve + es:
shelf – shelves, leaf – leaves, half – halves, life – lives,
but chief – chiefs, safe – safes.
2). Other irregular plurals:
man – men, woman – women, foot – feet, tooth – teeth, goose – geese, mouse – mice, child – children, ox – oxen.
3). Some nouns have the same form in plural and singular:
sheep, deer, swine, fish, fruit
but if we mean different kinds of fish and fruit we say fruits, fishes.
4). Some nouns borrowed from Latin and Greek keep the plural form of the language from which they have been borrowed:
phenomenon – phenomena, radius – radii, crisis – crises, datum – data, criterion – criteria, analysis – analyses, stimulus – stimuli.
5). The plural of compound nouns is formed by adding the ending -(e)s to the head-noun:
price-level – price-levels, bill-market – bill-markets, director-general – directors-general.
6). The plural of compound nouns is formed by adding the ending -(e)s to the last word if there is no noun in the compound:
pay-office – pay-offices, pay-by-phone – pay-by-phones.
7). There are nouns which are used only in singular or in plural. They are:
a) names of different materials and abstractions: chalk, silver, peace, courage.
b) only singular: advice, knowledge, information, news, progress, money.
c) only plural: tongs, spectacles, trousers, scissors.
§2. PRONOUNS
| Indefinite Pronouns | |||||
| some – body – one – thing | someandits compoundsare used in affirmative and interrogative sentences expressing an offer or request | We have some new ideas. Ó íàñ º ê³ëüêà íîâèõ ³äåé. Could you give me some information about the organisational structure of your company? ×è ì³ã áè òè íàäàòè ìåí³ äåÿêó ³íôîðìàö³þ ïðî îðãàí³çàö³éíó ñòðóêòóðó âàøî¿ êîìïàí³¿? | |||
| any – body – one – thing | anyand its derivatives are used in interrogative and negative sentences; in affirmative sentences in the meaning of everyone, everything, no matter what or which | Can anybody work in this office? ×è ìîæå õòîñü ïðàöþâàòè ó öüîìó îô³ñ³? Nobody could explain anything. ͳõòî íå ì³ã í³÷îãî ïîÿñíèòè. Give me any of these books. Äàé ìåí³ áóäü-ÿêó ³ç öèõ êíèã. | |||
| no – body – one – thing | if noandits compoundsare used as Subject or Object of the sentence, the Verb-Predicate is in the affirmative form | Nothing could be done before the meeting. ͳ÷îãî íå ìîæíà áóëî çðîáèòè äî çóñòð³÷³. | |||
| Quantitative Pronouns | |||||
| many (áàãàòî) | is used before Countable Nouns in the plural or replace them | There were many famous scientists and practitioners at this conference. Íà ö³é êîíôåðåíö³¿ áóëî áàãàòî â³äîìèõ íàóêîâö³â òà ïðàêòèê³â. | |||
| much (áàãàòî) | is used before Uncountable Nouns or replace them | Much of what you offer is not new. Áàãàòî ç òîãî, ùî òè ïðîïîíóºø, íå º íîâèì. | |||
| few (ìàëî, íåäîñòàòíÿ ê³ëüê³ñòü) a few (òðîõè, ê³ëüêà) | is used before Countable Nouns in the plural or replace them | Many tried to compete but only few stood the competition. Áàãàòî õòî íàìàãàâñÿ êîíêóðóâàòè, àëå ìàëî õòî âèòðèìàâ êîíêóðåíö³þ. Many tried to compete and a few stood the competition. Áàãàòî õòî íàìàãàâñÿ êîíêóðóâàòè, ³ ê³ëüêà ç íèõ âèòðèìàëè êîíêóðåíö³þ. | |||
| little (ìàëî, íåäîñòàòíÿ ê³ëüê³ñòü) a little (òðîõè) | is used before Uncountable Nouns or replace them | We have little paper and cannot print all the necessary documents in time. Ó íàñ ìàëî ïàïåðó, ³ ìè íå ìîæåìî âèäðóêóâàòè âñ³ íåîáõ³äí³ äîêóìåíòè â÷àñíî. We have a little paper and all the documents will be printed in time. Ó íàñ º òðîõè ïàïåðó, ³ âñ³ äîêóìåíòè áóäóòü âèäðóêóâàí³ â÷àñíî. | |||
| a lot of (áàãàòî) | is used before Uncountable and Countable Nouns in the plural or replace them | A lot of books were printed last year. Áàãàòî êíèã áóëî âèäðóêîâàíî ìèíóëîãî ðîêó. There is a lot of material to be learned. Ìàòåð³àëó äëÿ íàâ÷àííÿ º áàãàòî. | |||
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