Already / just / ever / never / yet / since / for / lately / recently / so far / up till now

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 1024.

The Present Perfect Tense

§ يتكون المضارع التام من:

Have / Has + PP.

· He has just bought a new car.

§ يستخدم المضارع التام للتعبير عن:

1- حدث تم في الماضي ولا يزال له تأثير في الحاضر :

· My car has broken down. = I have to go to work by bus.

2- حدث تم في الماضي و ما زال مستمر في الحاضر :

· I have done this job for many years. = I still do this job.

&يستخدم المضـارع التام مع كلمات مثـل :

& و يستخدم إذا بدأت الجملة بمـا يلـي :

¨It's/This is the first (second…) time..

¨It's(This) is the only…¨In the last few years/months¨In recent years

¨over the ages / over the years / over the centuries علي مر العصور/ السنين/القرون

¨It's the first time I have been to this place.

¨This is the only play I have seen.

· Egypt has made great progress in the last few years.

¨ لاحظ أن ever/never/just/ already تأتي بينhave/has والتصريف الثالث : PP.

· I have just written the letter.

¨ يمكن أن تأتي already في نهاية الجملة:

· Twenty million people have seen the film already.

§ لاحظ استخدام ever في السؤال و never في الإجابة :

· Have you ever travelled by plane? · No, I have never travelled by plane.

¨Just = a short time ago/ a minute ago/ a moment ago

· They left the building a minute ago. (just) = They have just left the building.

& لاحظ استخدام since / for

Since + بداية الحدث

¨Since last week / last summer / 1999 / five o'clock / October / this morning / yesterday / then / Monday / breakfast

For + فترة زمنية

¨For a week / the last week / a year / five hours / three months / two days / a long time

· I haven't cleaned the house for a week.

¨ في حــالة وجـود فعـل واحــد مع since نستخدم المضارع التام :

¨ في حـالة وجـود فعلين ، يأتي بعد since ماضي بسيط و الفعل الثاني في المضارع التام :

· I haven't seen her since she graduated.

Last / The last time / ago + past simple

¨ عند استخدام since / for بدلا من الكلمات السابقة نستخدم مضارع تام منفى:

· I last had my hair cut when I was in Cairo. = I haven't had my hair cut since I was in Cairo.

· The last time I met Jennie was in 2000.

= I haven't met Jennie since 2000. = I haven't met Jennie for 10 years.

· The last time I played chess was six years ago.

= I haven't played chess since 2003. = I haven't played chess for seven years.

¨في حالة استخدام ago بدلا من for نستخدم started to / began to + inf.:

· He has learnt English for six years. = He began / started to learn English six years ago.

¨ لاحظ انه عند استخدام since بدلا من for نستخدم التركيب الآتي:

It's / It's been + فترة زمنية + since + فاعل + + last + ماضي بسيط

· He hasn't visited his uncle for a long time. = It'sa long time since he last visited his uncle.

¨ لاحظ انه عند استخدام ever بدلا من never نستخدم صيغة تفضيل:

· I have never done such a tiring job. = This is the most tiring job I have ever done.

¨ لاحظ أنه عند استخدام never بدلا من ever نستخدم such (a/an) adj. + n.:

· This is the worst luck I have ever had. = I have never had such bad luck.

¨ لاحظ استخدام yet في الجملة المنفيــة

· I haven't finished my homework yet.

¨في حالة استخدام yet بدلا منstill نستخدم مضارع تام منفى بدلا من المضارع المستمر:

· He is still writing the report. = He hasn't finished writing the report yet.

¨ المضارع التام في المبني للمجهول :

Have been / has been + PP

He has written the letter. The letter has been written.