LOGGING TIMBER PRODUCTS

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 408.

Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на местоимение “it”.

1. It is extremely difficult to classify the size of cranes.

2. It is important that all the phases of extraction should be mechanized.

3. In additional to the large amount of wood now used for lumber, pulp and paper, veneer and plywood, it is an important raw material for many other industries.

4. It is difficult if not impossible to draw up a set of verbal or written instructions for cutting.

5. Since loading must be coordinated with cutting, bunching and skidding it is a very important step in the harvesting operation.

13. Прочитайте текст и перескажите его содержание по-русски.

Logging has been described as the process of harvesting and hauling rough forest products from stump to the point of process­ing or sale. Felling trees, dividing them into the lengths desired, skidding, loading, and hauling them to market are all parts of the logging process. But before any logging is begun, many decisions must be made with regard to the layout of the logging operation, the equipment to be used, and the kinds of rough forest products which are to be cut. These decisions are dictated partly by the sizes and species of timber in the forest to be logged, partly by topography, and partly by the markets which are to be supplied.

Most forest products are sold as sawlogs, veneer logs, pulpwood, tie cuts (small sawlogs), bolts for a variety of uses (staves, shingles, excelsior, turnings, etc.), poles, posts, piling, and other products of more local importance (round mine timbers, charcoal wood, furnace poles, etc.). Sawlogs and pulpwood are our prin­cipal timber products.

The term sawlog refers to that part of a tree stem that will be processed at a sawmill. This is in contrast to those other parts of the stem that are designated pulpwood. The differences are that sawlogs will be greater in diameter, straighter and have a lower knot frequency. Sawlogs most often come from the "butt end" of the stem and are the most financially valuable part of the tree.

Lumber or timber is wood in any of its stages from felling through readiness for use as structural material for construction, or wood pulp for paper production. (The distinction between the two terms is discussed below). Lumber is supplied either rough or finished. Besides pulpwood, rough lumber is the raw material for furniture-making and other items requiring additional cutting and shaping. It is available in many species, usually hardwoods. Finished lumber is supplied in standard sizes, mostly for the construction industry, primarily softwood from coniferous species including pine, fir and spruce (collectively known as Spruce-pine-fir), cedar, hemlock, but also some hardwood, for high-grade flooring.

Timber is another name for wood, whether still standing in the form of trees or felled and turned into boards for construction. Some people may also refer to timber as lumber, or differentiate between timber as unprocessed wood and lumber as cut wood packaged for commercial sale. The timber industry around the world is huge, providing wood for a variety of products from paper to particleboard.

People have been referring to timber since at least the seventh century, although lumber is a relatively recent word, dating to the settlement of America in the 1600s. Early citizens in the Massachusetts Bay Colony starts to refer to sawed planks as lumber, setting them apart from raw timber which still had to be processed before it could be used. Incidentally, the “timbers” in nautical slang are an important structural component of a ship's frame.

Before timber is felled, it must be assessed by foresters, who determine how valuable it is and whether or not it is safe to harvest. In many regions of the world, a timber harvest plan must be filed with a government agency, indicating intent to fell trees in a particular region. If the plan is approved, a logging company sends in loggers and support staff to fell the trees and prepare them for shipment to an offsite mill. In some cases, a mill may be established in the forest, if there is a lot of timber which needs to be processed.