Mustn't
Date: 2015-10-07; view: 367.
Grammar
Verbs
Vocabulary
Unit 14: More new projects
| Meaning | Word | Meaning | Word |
| واحة-واحات | oasis/oases | سلم متنقل | ladder |
| مكعب | cubic | مصباح كهربى | bulb |
| ضخ المياه | pumping water | أسلاك كهربية | electric wires |
| استصلاح الأراضى | reclaiming lands | طاقة | energy |
| النقل | transport | ممنوع الانتظار | No Parking |
| خصب | fertile | ممنوع التدخين | No Smoking |
| وقفة | pause | رفيق- زميل-شريك | partner |
| بوابة | gate | زى موحد | uniform |
| حكومة | government | مهندس زراعى | agricultural engineer |
| مشروع ضخم | huge project | مزدحم | crowded |
| بحيرة ضخمة | enormous lake | وادى | valley |
| قناة رى خراسانية | concrete irrigation canal | محاصيل | crops |
| صحراء | desert | منطقة - مساحة | area |
| Past participle | Past | Meaning | Present |
| saved | saved | يدخر يوفر | save |
| changed | changed | يغير- يتغير | change |
| paid (for) | paid (for) | يدفع | pay (for) |
| touched | touched | يلمس | touch |
| turned on/turned off | turned on/turned off | يشغل/يطفأ | turn on/turn off |
| parked | parked | يركن سيارة | park |
| smoked | smoked | يدخن | smoke |
| reclaimed | reclaimed | يستصلح | reclaim |
| developed | developed | يطور | develop |
| formed | formed | يشكل | form |
| joined | joined | يربط | join |
| pumped | pumped | يضخ | pump |
| transported | transported | ينقل | transport |
| irrigated/watered | irrigated/watered | يروى | irrigate/water |
| planted/grown | planted/grew | يزرع | plant/grow |
الإرغام 1- Obligation
تستخدم التعبيرات الاتيه لبيان الاضطرار والإرغام (must / have to (has to) ويليها فعل فى المصدر.
I must (have to) take a taxi. I'm late.
He must (has to) study hard for the exam tomorrow.
النفى: ننفى هذه التعبيرات كالتالى (don't have to /doesn't have to/needn't)
I don't have to hurry. It is still early for the meeting.
Soha doesn't have to worry about money as she is rich.
وفى الماضى نستخدم had to
-19-
I had to wear a coat. It was raining heavily.
وفى المستقبل نستخدم will have to
تستخدم للنهى والتحذير
You mustn't smoke here. It is a non smoking area.
You mustn't make noise in a library.
لاحظ:
يمكن استخدام التركيب اللغوى التالى كبديل ل (must/have to/has to) والعكس وهو:
It's necessary to + infinitive
It's necessary to work hard. (must) (have to)
.
It's necessary for him to travel to Aswan because his father is very ill. (must) (has to)
..
It isn't necessary for Hend to come early. (doesn't have to) (needn't)
.
وفى الماضى نستخدم It was necessary to + infinitive كبديل ل had to
It was necessary to visit mu aunt yesterday. (had to)
.
It wasn't necessary for us to hurry, there was still much time. (didn't have to)
.....
المبنى للمجهول 2- passive voice
الجملة المبنية للمعلوم تتركب كالتالى:
فاعل + فعل + مفعول subject + verb + object
وعند التحويل للمبنى للمجهول نقوم بالاتى:
1- نحذف الفاعل من أول الجملة ونضع مكانه المفعول.
2- نأتى ب verb to be ويختلف من زمن إلى آخر.
3- فعل الجملة يتحول إلى التصريف الثالث.
4- يمكن أن نأتى بالفاعل بعد by ويمكن الاستغناء عن هذه الخطوة عند عدم وجود ضرورة للفاعل.
5- نكمل الجملة.
ويكون صيغة الفعل فى المبنى للمجهول مع الأزمنة كالتالى:
1- مضارع بسيط: (am-is-are) + pp
2- ماضى بسيط: was- were + pp
3- مضارع مستمر: am-is-are+ being + pp
4- ماضى مستمر: was-were + being + pp
5- مضارع تام بسيط: has-have + been + pp
6- ماضى تام بسيط: had + been + pp
7- المستقبل والأفعال الناقصة: will-shall-can + be + pp
| <== previous lecture | | | next lecture ==> |
| Ļåšńļåźņčāū äė’ šąįīņū | | | You (must should needn't didn't have to) borrow money anymore as you've got a lot. |