Next week / next summer

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 502.

Language Notes

۩ teach يُلِم / يُدرِس ۩ learn يتعلم

● She taught English to foreign students.

● I'm learning to play the piano.

۩ argue for / in favour of يقدم حجة لصالح / يؤيد ۩ argue against يقدم الحجة ضد / يعارض

● He argued strongly for the proposal.

● They argued against the new tax.

۩ decide to + inf. يقرر ۩ decide that + يقرر أن ۩ decide on + n يختار

● They decided to sell their old house.

● He decided that he would look for another job..

● We've decided on Paris for our next holiday.

۩ train (somebody) in something يُدرب علي ۩ train (somebody) to + inf. يُدرب لكي

۩ train for + n يتدرب من أجل ۩ train to be / as + job يتدرب كـ (وظيفة)

● All staff will be trained in customer service skills.

● Employees are trained to deal with emergency situations.

● Brenda spends two hours a day training for the marathon.

● She's training to be a doctor.

۩ For this reason, … ولهذا السبب

· He was so ill. For this reason, he didn't go to work.

¨لا تستخدم the قبل كلمة next إذا جاءت بعدها كلمات تدل علي الزمن

● She's travelling to London next Monday.

¨تستخدم the قبل كلمة next إذا جاءت بعدها اسم

¨The next book I'm going to read is Gulliver's Travels.

● Read the next two chapters before Friday.

§between بين اثنين ·she sat between her parents.

§among بين أكثر من اثنين ·This mountain is among the highest in the world.

§ هناك adverbs معينة يمكن أن يبدأ بها الكلام و يأتي بعدها جملة كاملة:

·Interestinglyمن المثير للاهتمام / undoubtedly بلا شك/ unfortunately للأسف/ luckilyلحسن الحظ / personally بصفة شخصية

·Interestingly, none of their three children ever married.

· Undoubtedly, public interest in folk music has declined.

¨On (his) own وحيد / بمفرده of (his) own تدل علي الملكية

·I've been living on my own for four years now.

·I'd like to have a place of my own.

¨Encourage to +inf يشجع علي ¨encourage + n يُشجع (شيء)

¨discourage from + v+ing يمنع من ¨discourage + n يعوق (حدوث شيء)

·We should encourage our children to read.

·Violent TV programmes encourage anti-social behaviour.

·We should discourage people from polluting the environment.

·Aspirin may discourage tumour growth in some types of cancer.

Exercises on Vocabulary and Language Notes:

Choose the correct answer:

1- My older brother has a (decree – degree – licence - permission) in Maths from Cairo University.

2- Exercise can have a (positive – negative – captive - conductive) effect on your health and fitness.

3- Nurses have an important (row – rule – role - rate) in looking after patients in a hospital.

4- My parents have always (disappointed – depressed – discouraged - encouraged) me to work hard at school.

5- I'd prefer not to talk about that. It's something very (personal – public – famous - physical).

6- I found university work very difficult, but my friends were always very (judging – avenging – encouraging - managing).

7- It was a great football match. Both teams played very (negatively – positively – aggressively – cowardly).

8- She would be a good nurse. She has a very kind (abnormality – artificiality - personality – brutality) .

9- Your grades are (impress – impressive – impression - impressed), Jena.

10- To be in (charge – average – bandage - besiege) of is to be responsible for or in control of something.

11- Something which is (defective – reflective – effective - attractive) produces the right result.

12- A/An (licence – essence – absence - acceptance) is a document that gives permission to do something.

13- (Accounting – Injecting – Nursing - Hospitalizing) is a job of looking after people who are ill.

14- (Lonely – Only – Sauna - Solo) means done on your own, without help from another person.

15- If something is (recordable – suitable – achievable – readable), it is right in a particular situation.

16- Several companies have been (prevented – collapsed – licensed - banned) to sell these products.

17- The company denies that it has (praised – placed – rose - practised) discrimination against any of its employees.

18- The doctor (advised – devised – blamed - praised) him against smoking.

19- A (cruise – tour – voyage - flight) is a journey by air.

20- The radiation leak has had a disastrous (affect – infect – effect - dialect) on the environment.

21- It's an extremely (addictive – effective – adjective - collective) cure for a headache. It has no side effects.

22- The poor bird couldn't (fly – try – cry - dry) because it had a broken wing.

23- There's no doubt about Christine's (curability – disability – suitability - hospitality) for the job. She is very efficient.

24- To (bargain – challenge – review – argue) for is to clearly explain why you think something is true or should be done

25- A/An (collector – inspector – conductor - investigator) is someone whose job is to check that something is of a good enough standard and that rules are being obeyed

26- A (duty – responsibility – role - charge) is the position that someone has in a situation or activity

27- A (degree – referee – guarantee - retiree) is the qualification given to someone who has successfully finished a university course

28- Something which is (interesting – amusing – positive - legal) has a good or useful effect

29- To (engage – encourage – manage - package) is to try to persuade someone to do something, especially by making them more confident

30- (Additional – Conditional – Constitutional - Personal) means involving someone's private life, their feelings, health and relationships

31- As well as writing books on (social – sociable - society – variety) and culture, she also wrote poems.

32- Dr. Aisha Abd El-Rahman helped to improve women's (composition – disposition – depression - position) in society.

33- Her mother (discouraged – encouraged – managed - bandaged) her to get a good education.

34- She was (awarded - got – gave – rewarded) her degree in 1939.

35- He joined the university (stiff – staff – stuff - crew) as a research assistant.

36- She was employed as a government (actor – ambassador – inspector – ancestor) for the teaching of Arabic literature.

37- Her work (took up – took off – took down – took to) much of her personal life.

38- Her great work is still (appeared – applied - appreciated – appointed) today.

39- She taught at many universities across the Arab (village – town – city – world).

40- She (spent – left – went – did) her life doing the things she was most interested in.

Find the mistakes in each of the following sentences then write them correctly:

1- I tried taking tablets for the headache but they didn't have any affection.

2- Applicants must have a degrade in Engineering.

3- Children need lots of disappointment when they're learning new things.

4- The abductor reported that 20% of school children were unable to read or write.

5- The rural environment was having a possessive effect on the children's health.

6- Parents play an important reel in their child's learning.

7- She took full arsenal responsibility for all the arrangements.

8- Who will be in change of the department when Sophie retires?

9- Antibiotics are only deductive if you finish the whole course of treatment.

10- Many people have trouble sleeping after a long bright.

11- He borrowed his father's car to depress his friends.

12- He was arrested for driving without a degree.

13- The first solar flight across the Atlantic took place many years ago.

14- The house is not really syllable for a large family.

15- I broke the vase during an armament with my wife.

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Relative Clauses عبارات الوصل

¨يستخدم ضمير الوصل لربط جملتين و يحل محل اسم أو ضمير موجود غالبا في الجملة الثانية:

¨تستخدم who لتحل محل الفاعل أو المفعول. أما whom فتحل محل المفعول فقط و غالبا تستخدم مكانها who:

· This is the woman. She owns the house.

This is the woman who owns the house.

· The talk was given by a man. He used to live in Russia.

The talk was given by a man who used to live in Russia.

· I spent two hours talking to Ali. I'd met him only once before.

I spent two hours talking to Ali, whom / who I'd met only once before.

¨ تستخدم which لتحل محل الفاعل و المفعول غير العاقل:

· The job was very tiring. He applied for it a week ago.

The job which (that) he applied for a week ago was very tiring.

The job for which he applied a week ago was very tiring.

¨ لاحظ استخدام which لتشير إلي جملة كاملة قبلها:

· He got very bad marks in the test, which made his parents very sad.

· One of the boys kept laughing, which annoyed the teacher very much.

¨تستخدم whose للملكية.

· The man felt very sad. His wife died in the accident.

The man whose wife died in the accident felt very sad.

¨لاحظ أن هناك نوعان من عبارات الوصل ، النوع الأول يعطي معلومة أساسية عن الشيء أو الشخص أو المكان الذي نتحدث عنه ونستخدم في هذا النوع who / which / whom ولا نستخدم comma قبل أو بعد عبارة الوصل. ويمكن استخدام that بدلا من ضمائر الوصل المذكورة .

·The company which / thathe works for sells computer.

The company for whichhe works sells computer

· The woman who / that killed her husband was sentenced to death. حكم عليها بالإعدام

¨والنوع الثاني لا تقدم عبارة الوصل معلومة هامة عن الشيء أو الشخص أو المكان الذي نتحدث عنه ولا بد من استخدام comma قبل وبعد عبارة الوصل و لا تستخدم that في هذا النوع:

· Mr. Ahmed, who is 45 years old, is a famous politician.

· The company, which is in Cairo, employed 200 people.

¨لاحظ أن that / who لا يسبقهما حرف جر:

·The man for whom he works is German.

·The man that he works for is German.

·The man who / whom he works for is German.

¨لاحظ استخدام that بعد صفات التفضيل للإشارة إلي غير العاقل:

¨وفي حالة وجود عاقل مع صفات التفضيل يمكن أن نستخدم that أو who:

·This is the best book that I have ever read.

·He was the best king that / who ever sat on the throne. العرش

¨ لاحظ في الجملة الآتية أنه لا يمكن استخدام that بدلا من which إلا إذا تركنا حرف الجر في مكانه الأصلي :

· The house cost him a lot of money. He lived in it.

The house inwhich he lived cost him a lot of money.

The house that he lived in cost him a lot of money.

What = the thing that / the things that

·The things that we saw astonished us. = What we saw astonished us.

·The thing that annoys him is that his friend always comes late.

= What annoys him is that his friend always comes late.

¨يمكن استخدام to + inf. بدلا من عبارة الوصل إذا كان ضمير الوصل في الجملة يحل محل الفاعل وفي حالة وجود ما يلي :