Thanks to

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 567.

As a result of

On account of

Through

AS due to v-ing

¨ ويمكن استخدام التركيب التالي أيضا للتعبير عن السبب:

The reason + جملة is / was that + جملة

· The reason we didn't consider her for the job was that she didn't have enough experience.

= We didn't consider her for the job because she didn't have enough experience.

¨تستخدم V+ ing إذا كان الفاعل واحد في الجملتين عند استخدام due to / because of / through / owing to/on account of / as a result of / thanks to

¨الفعل المضاف له ing ينفي باستخدام not قبله:

Examples:

· Many exam candidates lose marks because they do not read the questions properly.

= Many exam candidates lose marks because of not reading the questions properly

· We didn't enjoy the day because the weather was awful.

= We didn't enjoy the day because of the awful weather.

· The documents have been lost as you are careless.

=Thanks to your carelessness, the documents have been lost

· The increase in street crime made many old people afraid to leave their homes.

= As a result of the increase in street crime, many old people are afraid to leave their homes.

· The project will not continue next year since there is a lack of funds.

= The project will not continue next year owing to a lack of funds.

· I decided to go with them because I had nothing better to do.

= I decided to go with them through / owing to having nothing better to do.

¨بدلا من جملةbecause يمكن أن تبدأ الجملة بــ Being و بعدها الصفة ثم باقي الجملة

· He didn't go out because he was ill.

= Being ill, he didn't go out.

¨للتعبير عن النتيجة نستخدم:

So لذلك / That's why / Therefore لذلك / Consequently بالتالي / Thus / For this reason

·Most of the evidence was destroyed in the fire. It would be almost impossible to prove him guilty.

= Most of the evidence was destroyed in the fire, so it would be almost impossible to prove him guilty.

·The machine is very old. I don't expect it to work very well.

The machine is very old; therefore I don't expect it to work very well.

¨الروابط الدالة علي التناقض:

§Although/ Though / Even though بالرغم من

· She was in poor health. She continued to carry out her duties.

Although she was in poor health, she continued to carry out her duties.

¨لاحظ ترتيب الجمل مع although / though / even though حيث أن الحدث غيرا لمتوقع يأتي في الجملة الثانية .

¨و في المثال السابق نجد أن الحدث غير المتوقع هوshe continued to carry out her duties

§In spite of

§Despite علي الرغم من + n. / -ing / adj.+ n.

· Although the car's old, it still runs well.

In spite of being old, the car still runs well.

·There has been international pressure. Progress has slowed in the peace talks.

Despite international pressure, progress has slowed in the peace talks.