The culture of the first half of XX c.

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 462.

Golf

Golf was developed in Scotland in the XV c. but is now played all around the world. The aim of golf is to hit a small ball from a tee (a flat area of grass) into a hole on a green, which may be up to 550 metres away, using as few shots (hits) as possible. Most golf courses consist of 18 holes.

Golf began as a sport of the upper classes and in Britain it continues to attract mainly people in business and the professions. The game is quite expensive to play and membership of the most popular golf clubs may cost a lot of money. The most famous British clubs include the Royal and Ancient at St Andrew's, where the first official rules of golf were agreed in 1754, Muirfield and Wentworth.

There are four important international competitions for professional golfers, known as the majors, three of them held in the US. The British Open is regarded as the world's top golf tournament. Amateur events include the Walker Cup and the Curtis Cup.

Many people who do not play golf enjoy a game of crazy golf in a local park. The idea is to hit a golf ball round a small grass and concrete course of nine holes, through tunnels, over bridges, round small ponds, etc.

The contrast between Victorian and modern ages. Aesthetic movement and Symbolism. Poetry – W. Yeats. Literature – J. Conrad. The expansion of genre and style: R. Kipling, H. Wells; modernism: K. Mansfield. Lost generation: J. Joyce, W. Wolf, T. Eliot. Fantasy: D.R. Tolkien. Music: H. Wood and the beginning of the Promenade Concerts; opera of M. Tippett; film music of W. Walton. Architecture: neoclassicism - R. Bloomfield; art nouveau – Ch.R. Mackintosh. Painting: neo-realism, cubism, fauvism, surrealism.

Questions

1. In what cultural sphere can we see the contrast between Victorian era and the XX c.?

2. What can you tell about the expansion of genre and style?

3. What literary movement did Yeats lead?

4. Why is World War I considered a marker in arts?

5. What is typical for British music of that time?

6. What was aestheticism and symbolism?

7. What is fauvism and surrealism?