Major steps in the growth of computer technology

The first transistor developed was the junction transistor. Nearly all transistors today are classed as junction transistors (плоскостной транзистор).

Throughout the years there were developed new types of junction transistors that performed better and were easier to construct. When first introduced, the junction transistor was not called that; it was the „cat`s whisker” (контактный волосок) used in the first radio receivers in the 1920_s. Shockley and his crew resurrected (возродить) it, a mere imposing name sounded much more scientific. The junction transistor of 1948 was further modernized in 1951, with the development of the „grown“ (выращенный) transistor. The technology for manufacturing transistors steadily improved until, in 1959, the first integrated circuit was produced – the first circuit – on – a - chip.

The integrated circuit constituted another major step in the growth of computer technology. Until 1959, the fundamental logical components of digital computers were the individual electrical switches, first in the form of relays, then transistors.

In the vacuum tubes and relay stages, additional discrete components such as resistors, inductors and capacitors were required in order to make the whole system work. These components were about the same size as packaged transistors (транзистор в корпусе). Integrated circuit technology permitted the elimination of some of these components and „integration“ of most of the others on the same chip of semiconductor that contains the transistor. Thus the basic logic element – the switch, or „flip-flop”, which required two separate transistors and some resistors and capacitors in the early 1950_s, could be packaged into a single small unit in 1960. That unit was half the size of a pea.

The chip was a crucial (важный) development in the accelerating pace of computer technology. With integrated circuit technology it became possible to jam (зд. размещать) more and more elements into a single chip. Entire assemblies of parts could be manufactured in the same time that it previously took to make a single part. Clearly, the cost of providing a particular computing function decreased proportionally. As the number of components on a integrated circuit grew from a few to hundreds, then thousands, the term for the chip changed to microcircuit.

Обстоятельство

Обстоятельство в английском предложении располагается на четвертом месте (после дополнения) или на нулевой позиции (перед подлежащим), а если оно выражено коротким наречием, то может стоять справа или слева от сказуемого

We study English at the University.

Yesterdayhe got up a little earlier.

He always comes in time.

Обстоятельство может быть выражено:

1) наречием,

2) именем существительным (как правило, с предлогом),

3) герундием с предлогом,

4) инфинитивом,

5) причастием или причастным оборотом,

6) придаточным обстоятельственным предложением.

1. Инфинитив в функции обстоятельства.

Особенности перевода инфинитива в функции обстоятельства.

Упр. 60. Прочтите предложения. Сравните их. Укажите, в каких предложениях инфинитив выполняет функцию обстоятельства и при переводе появится союз «чтобы»?

1. You must use such device to produce output in a human-readable format. 2. To produce output in a human-readable format, it was our aim. 3. To produce output in a human-readable format you must use such device as a printer. 4. A printer is a device to produce output in a human-readable format.

Упр. 61. Прочтите предложения, найдите в них инфинитивы в функции обстоятельства и переведите предложения:

а) 1. To understand how to use a computer one must fully appreciate its design. 2. Processing is operations on data to convert them into useful information. 3. Computers were designed to perform thousands of computations per second. 4. To make computers more reliable transistors were used. They were applied to reduce computational time. 5. To integrate large numbers of circuit elements into a small chip, transistors should be reduced in size. 6. To use integrated circuit technology new computers were built. 7. Analytical engine was invented to store data. 8. Disk drives are used to read and write data on disks.

b) 1. I had to borrow money from the bank in order to set up the business. 2. In order to demonstrate the effect Table 1 is given. 3. To perform this work one must have all the necessary equipment. 4. Data are processed to become useful information. 5. Should BT or AT&T provide home TV services to replace their declining telephony revenues? 6. RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) will tag all goods to make them identifiable at all times throughout the supply chain. 7. Cleverbox is struggling to integrate with their own HR, Sales and Procurement application due to different data formats.

c) 1. Bus fares in the city are being cut so as to encourage people to use public transport. 2. Input devices are used to enter data into primary storage. 3. As a scanner, the Sigma 100 can be used to enter photographs as well as documents into a computer. 4. Instead of a mouse, they have a touchpad built into the keyboard – a sensitive pad that you can touch to move the pointer on the screen. 5. It is designed to be placed on your desk. 6. A laser printer uses a laser beam to fix the ink to the paper.

7. In order to avoid complex calculations in bytes, we use bigger units. 8. Enter is pressed to select options from a menu or to start a new paragraph. 9. It is important for the model to be accurate but simple enough. 10. We need more traffic cameras so as to reduce crimes. 11. Different applications of digital technologies were used lest there be carbon emissions.

2. Герундий в функции обстоятельства.

2.1. Особенности перевода герундия в функции обстоятельства.

Упр. 62. Прочтите предложения, найдите в них герундий в функции обстоятельства и переведите предложения:

1. By working hard, she passed her maths exam. 2. In explaining his project he forgot one point.

3. We keep data and programs in memory systems where they are available for processing.

4. We use the term data processing to include the resources applied for processing of information.

5. They can be used as mobile phones or as personal organizers for storing notes, reminders and addresses. 6. Accelerate your digital lifestyle by choosing a Pentium at 4.3 GHz. 7. An ink-jet (or bubble-jet) printer generates an image by spraying tiny, precise drops of ink onto the paper. 8. Upon switching off the current the pressure dropped. 9. I can’t go to this place without having prepared my calculations first.

2.2. Структура и перевод герундиальных оборотов.

Упр. 63. Прочтите и переведите следующие предложения с герундиальным оборотом:

1. Excuse my interrupting you. 2. Excuse my having interrupted you. 3. We thought of their improving methods of production. 4. We have never heard of his having belonged to this scientific society. 5. I hate the idea of your wasting your time.

3. Причастия в функции обстоятельства.

3.1. Формы причастия и их значение для перевода.

3.2. Особенности перевода причастия в функции обстоятельства.

Упр. 64. Прочтите и переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на форму (см. п.п. 3.1. и 3.2.) и перевод причастий в функции обстоятельства:

1. Using the energy of the atomwe produce electric energy at atomic power plants. 2. Electronic computers perform both arithmetic and logical operations, making it possible to control the process under rather complicated conditions. 3. The syntax and semantics of these languages are very sophisticated, making the translation to machine language a complex process. This means that a space program must be flexible and diverse, making it possible to explore completely new fields.

4. Strictly speaking, this finding means that this hypothesis cannot be rejected. 5. Being not visible software makes possible the effective operation of computer system. 6. Being obtained the results of the research were analyzed. 7. Having obtained the required results we informed the manager of this fact. 8. Having invented magnetic tapes the Germans used them as the secondary storage medium.

9. Having finished the research the scientists made the analysis of the data obtained. 10. Having been constructed recently a new electronic device has important applications in space exploration.

11. Having been regulated by the operator the equipment operated well. 12. Having been coded the instruction was transmitted to the central processing unit. 13. When entering the Internet, I always find a lot of interesting information. 14. While operating on the basis of analogy analog computers simulate physical systems.

Упр. 65. Прочтите и переведите следующие контрольные предложения, обращая внимание на перевод причастий в функции обстоятельства:

1. While operating with graphical interface people usually use such manipulators as mouse and track ball. 2. Having translated the program into machine language the computer architect put the program into the machine. 3. Digital programming implies the preparation of a problem for a digital computer by putting it in a form which the computer can understand and then entering this program into the computer storage unit. 4. When properly programmed computers do not make computational errors.

5. While having no moving mechanical parts electronic memories can transfer data at very high speed. 6. When used voltage represents other physical quantities in analog computers. 7. The designer left the office having looked through all the documents. 8. Having discussed the functions of storage units we passed on to the consideration of control processing unit. 9. While dealing with discrete quantities digital computers count rather than measure. 10. When using a microcomputer you are constantly making choice – to open a file, to close a file, and so on. 11. Having limited the information capacity of a single bit to two alternatives the computer designers expressed data by a combination of bits. 12. When written in a symbolic language programs require the translation into the machine language. 13. While dealing with discrete quantities digital computers count rather than measure. 14. When choosing a monitor, you have to take into account a few basics. 15. Having been introduced in the early 1960s magnetic disc storage has replaced magnetic tape storage. 16. Having been transmitted to the central processing unit the instruction made arithmetic-logical unit perform some computations.

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