METHODS AND WAYS OF TRANSLATING VARIOUS PROPER NAMES

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 689.

Ways of Conveying the Lexical Meaning of Loan Internationalisms

A great many of international loans have long become an integral part of each language's lexicon. They preserve in each national language the unity of their componental parts and identical notional meaning and a common sphere of functioning. For example, loud­speaker: (Germ.) Lautsprecher, (Ital). altoparlante, (Ukr.) гучномовець, (Russ.) громкоговоритель.

International loan units can be rendered into Ukrainian in one of the following three ways:

a) by direct translation of the componental parts without chang­ing considerably their structural form cf.: coefficient of afficiency - коефіцієнт корисної дії, personal pronouns - особові займенники;

b) with the help of componental translation and some replace­ments, omissions or substitutions arising from the national peculiari­ties of the target language: homogeneous parts of the sentenceоднорідні члени речення but not частини речення;

c) with the help of descriptive translation as in the example: digital computer цифрова обчислювальна машина.

The adoption by the Verkhovna Rada of the Romanization System enabled conveying of Ukrainian personal names, family names and also all Ukrainian geographical names in accordance with some rules. This is how the system is presented:

A practical realization of this system can be illustrated on many Ukrainian names with the following substitution of Ukrainian letters (and sounds) for the completely, approximately or similarly correspond­ing English letters or letter combinations:

· /и/ as у: Кирило Kyrylo, Марина Maryna;

· /ї/ as i, when preceded by a vowel: Українка Ukrainka, Зінаїда Zinaida; as yi, when it initiates the proper name: їздець Yizdets', їжакевич Yizhakevych;

· /й/ as y: Йосип Yosyp, Бойченко Boychenko;

· /ій/ as ii or iy: Андрій Andrii/Andriy;

· /ий/ as yi: Гулий Hulyi, Гнідий Hnidyi;

· /я/, /ю/, /є/ are conveyed through the English letter combinations ya, yu, ye or ia, iu, ie respectively: Ярема Yarema, but: Забіяка Zabiyaka/Zabiiaka;

· /ь/ is conveyed with the help of ‘: Мельник Mel'nyk, Львів L'viv;

· /г/ as h: Гаврило Havrylo;

· The Ukrainian /ж/ is conveyed with the help of the zh letter combination: Жук Zhuk, Жанна Zhanna;

· The Ukrainian /х/ is conveyed through kh letter combination: Хома Khoma, Харків Kharkiv;

· /ч/ is conveyed with the help of ch: Костюченко Kostyuchenko or tch (in final position): Корч Kortch;

· /шч/ is conveyed through the letter combination shch or sch: Щербак Shcherbak, Ющук Yushchuk/Yuschuk.

A considerable number of English geographical names are rendered into Ukrainian by way of transliteration only: Belfast Белфаст or transcription only: Capetown Кейптаун, Dashwood Дешвуд. Many English place names are conveyed in Ukrainian partly with the help of tran­scription and partly via transliteration: Brighton Брайтон, Midway Мідвей.

Names of seas, oceans, bays, archipelagos, isthmuses, straits, channels, administrative territories and compound names of coun­tries having the structure of word-combinations are always translated: the Atlantic/Pacific/Indian Ocean Атлантичний/Тихий/Індійський океан; the Gulf of Mexico Мексиканська затока. The geographical names formed on the basis of common nouns which acquired the status of proper names are generally translated from English into Ukrainian and vice versa: Cape of Good Hope Мис Доброї Надії.