B. Vocabulary practice

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 516.

A. Comprehension

Answer the questions:

1) What stages are included in the process of well completion?

2) Why do most wells need casing?

3) What does the type of casing used depend on?

4) What is the first type of casing? Explain its purpose.

5) What types of casing are usually used to protect neighboring formations from being contaminated? Justify your answer.

6) How can specialists minimize potential hazards while completing a well?

7) Where can liner strings be installed?

8) What parameters should be taken into consideration for the production casing installation?

9) Name as many functions of well casing as you can.

10) What equipment is used to extract oil up to the surface?

I. Give English equivalents for:

1) измерять температуру и давление горного пласта; 2) устанавливать необходимое оборудование; 3) заканчивать скважину; 4) установка устья скважины; 5) укреплять ствол скважины обсадными трубами; 6) являться важной составной частью процесса завершения скважины; 7) добывать углеводороды; 8) вытекать/просачиваться из скважины на поверхность земли; 9) брать в расчет/учитывать при установке обсадных труб; 10) цементировать до начала процесса бурения; 11) быть большего/меньшего диаметра, чем направляющая обсадная колонна; 12) предохранять скважину от обрушения; 13) использовать вместо промежуточной колонны обсадных труб; 14) служить для укрепления стенок скважины; 15) предотвращать нерегулируемый выброс нефти (из колонны).

II. Give Russian equivalents for:

1) commercially viable quantities of petroleum reserves; 2) to be ready for extraction; 3) to flow out of the formation up to the surface; 4) to strengthen the well hole with casing; 5) to ensure an efficient flow of petroleum out of the well; 6) to install lifting equipment; 7) to keep fluids from seeping into the formation through the well; 8) to depend on the subsurface characteristics of the well; 9) to be drilled with a small auger drill; 10) to prevent the top of the well from caving in; 11) to fit inside the top of the conductor casing; 12) to protect fresh water deposits from being contaminated; 13) to serve as a conduit for drilling mud; 14) to minimize the hazards; 15) to be attached to the casing with 'hangers'; 16) to provide a conduit from the surface of the well to the petroleum producing formation; 17) to be a very important part of the completed well; 18) to extract hydrocarbons without intermingling with other fluids; 19) to insert tubing inside the casing; 20) to be attached to pumping systems for more efficient extraction.

III. Fill in the appropriate word(s) from the list below into the extracts and translate them into Russian:

a) annular space, connections, casing, joints, formations, to be drilled, to be required

It is generally not possible to drill a well through all of the … from surface to the target depth in one hole section. The well … therefore … in sections, with each section of the well being sealed off by lining the inside of the borehole with steel pipe, known as casing and filling the … … between this casing string and the borehole with cement, before drilling the subsequent hole section. This casing string is made up of … of pipe, of approximately 40ft in length, with threaded … . Depending on the conditions encountered, 3 or 4 casing strings may … … to reach the target depth. The coast of the … can therefore constitute 20-30% of the total cost of the well.

b) to isolate, to prevent, to protect, structural, selective

There are many reasons for casing off formation: 1) … unstable formations from cane in; 2) … weak formations from the high mudweights that may be required in subsequent hole sections; 3) … zones with abnormally high pore pressure from zones which may be normally pressured; 4) to seal off lost circulation zones; 5) to allow … access for production/injection/control; 6) to provide … support for the wellhead and BOPs.

c) casing, fracturing, bullets, formation, tubing, fluid, perforations, to be injected, to be exploded, to dissolve, to enter

Since the … is sealed with cement against the productive formation, openings must be made in the casing wall and cement to allow formation fluid … the well. A perforator tool is lowered through the … on a wire line. When it is in the correct position, … are fired or explosive charges are set off to create an open path between the … and the production string. If the formation is quite productive, these … (usually about 30 centimetres apart) will be sufficient to create a flow of … into the well. If not, an inert fluid may … into the formation at pressure high enough to cause … of the rock around the well and thus open more flow passages for the petroleum. In early wells, nitroglycerin … in the uncased well bore for the same purpose. An acid that can … portions of the rock is sometimes used in a similar manner.

d) to isolate, to be equipped, to be lowered, to be brought, zone, pressure, tubing, characteristics, fluids

A string of steel tubing … into the casing string serves as the conduit for the produced fluids. The … may be hung from the well-head or supported by a packer set above the producing … . The packer is used when it is desirable … the casing string from the produced fluids because of the latter's pressure, temperature, or corrosivity, or when such isolation may improve production … .

The tops of wells from which fluids flow as a result of the indigenous reservoir energy … with a manifold known as the Christmas tree. However, only some reservoirs have sufficient … and sufficient gas in solution (which is released at the lower pressure existing in the well bore and therefore lowers the effective density of the fluid in the tubing) to permit natural flow to the surface. The reservoir … from other reservoirs and, after pressure depletion, even from those which initially flowed must … to the surface by one of several methods of artificial lift.

IV. Match the following terms with their definitions and give their Russian equivalents:

casing, production casing, surface casing, casing joint, intermediate casing

1. Large-diameter pipe lowered into an openhole and cemented in place. It is run to protect fresh-water formations, isolate a zone of lost returns or isolate formations with significantly different pressure gradients. It is usually manufactured from plain carbon steel that is heat-treated to varying strengths, but may be specially fabricated of stainless steel, aluminum, titanium, fiberglass and other materials.

2. A casing string that is set across the reservoir interval and within which the primary completion components are installed.

3. A large-diameter, relatively low-pressure pipe string. First, it protects fresh-water aquifers onshore. Second, it provides minimal pressure integrity, and thus enables a diverter or perhaps even a blowout preventer (BOP) to be attached to the top of this casing string after it is successfully cemented in place. Third, this type of casing provides structural strength so that the remaining casing strings may be suspended at the top and inside of this casing.

4. A casing string that is generally set in place after the surface casing and before the production casing. It provides protection against caving of weak or abnormally pressured formations and enables the use of drilling fluids of different density necessary for the control of lower formations.

5. A length of steel pipe, generally around 13 m long with a threaded connection at each end. They are assembled to form a casing string of the correct length and specification for the wellbore in which it is installed.

V. Explain the following terms using a specialized dictionary and glossary, give their Russian equivalents and make up your own phrases with them:

drilling fluids, conductor, liner string, casing collar (coupling), casing centralizer

VI. Give English translation for:

1) После того как скважина пробурена и опробована, она может быть введена в эксплуатацию в качестве добывающей, посредством установки определенного набора труб.

2) Обсадная колонна представляет собой множество обсадных труб/свечей одного диаметра, соединенных между собой, которые опускают в скважину и затем цементируют.

3) Обсадная колонна предназначена для стабилизации скважины и предотвращения оседания ее стенок.

4) Обсадная колонна не пропускает подземные пресные воды, которые поднимаются вверх по скважине в процессе добычи нефти.

5) Длина обсадной трубы варьируется от 5 до более чем 15 метров.

6) Соединительная муфта – это короткая цилиндрическая стальная труба с внутренней резьбой и диаметром, незначительно превосходящим диаметр обсадной колонны.

7) Соединительная муфта служит для соединения свечей обсадной колонны.

8) Направляющая обсадная труба - это труба наибольшего диаметра от 76-107 см, длинна которой, составляет от 100-200 метров.

9) Направляющая обсадная труба служит для протекания бурового раствора из скважины в резервуары.

10) Она предотвращает оседание верхнего участка скважины, а также изолируют пресные воды и газоносные зоны.

11) Кондуктор (поверхностная колонна) служит для предотвращения осыпания и оседания в скважину мягких приповерхностных отложений.

12) Она также предназначена для защиты подземных водоемов от будущего загрязнения буровым раствором. Ее диаметр составляет 35 сантиметров, а длина – несколько сотен метров.

13) Промежуточная обсадная колонна устанавливается для изоляции проблемных участков скважины, например, зон аномально высокого давления. Обычно ее диаметр составляет 22 сантиметра.

14) Последней из обсадных колонн является эксплуатационная колонна. Она доходит до самой зоны добычи и ее диаметр составляет 14 сантиметров.

15) Устье скважины представляет собой стальную арматуру, состоящую из головок обсадной и насосно-компрессорной колонн.