B. Vocabulary practice

Date: 2015-10-07; view: 558.

A. Comprehension

Answer the questions:

1) What process is called “well completion”?

2) How do specialists chose the type of completion? Name the main types.

3) What type of rock formation can openhole completion be used in? Why?

4) What types of wells require perforating? What is the most preferred perforating method today?

5) How can sand be removed while completing wells?

6) What are the advantages of permanent completions?

7) What principles are multiple zone completions based on?

8) In what case can drainhole completions be used?

9) What is the purpose for well head equipment?

10) What does the Christmas tree serve to control?

I. Give English equivalents for:

1) добывать нефть и природный газ; 2) заканчивание скважины с необса­женным забоем применяется в формациях прочных пород, которые не оседают в скважину; 3) опускать обсадную колонну в скважину; 4) использовать специальное оборудование; 5) проделывать перфорационные отверстия в обсадной колонне; 6) предотвращать просачивание песка; 7) повлечь за собой деформацию (эрозию) обсадной колонны; 8) метод, решающий проблему поступления песка в скважину; 9) представлять собой разновидность горизонтального или наклонного бурения; 10) приводить к значительному снижению стоимости обсаживания; 11) добывать флюиды одновременно из нескольких продуктивных пластов; 12) не допускать, чтобы флюиды из разных пластов смешивались; 13) регулировать поток углеводородов из продуктивных пластов; 14) не допускать разлив углеводородов из скважины; 15) присоединять(ся) к верхней части обсадной и насосно-компрессорной колонн.

II. Give Russian equivalents for:

1) to depend on the characteristics and location of the hydrocarbon formation; 2) formations treated with hydraulic or acid fracturing; 3) to provide a support and protection for the well hole; 4) to leave the end of the piping open, without any protective filter; 5) to run production casing through the formation; 6) to be designed for production in an area with a large amount of loose sand; 7) to install a screen or filter to keep sand particles out; 8) to be done with small diameter tools; 9) to ensure the permanent nature of the completion; 10) to be efficient in a horizontal well completion; 11) to drain the formation most effectively; 12) to drill out horizontally into the formation from a vertical well; 13) efficient and balanced extraction of the targeted hydrocarbons; 14) to withstand a pressure of up to 20,000 psi (pounds per square inch); 15)to control the flow of the fluids out of the well.

III. Fill in the appropriate word(s) from the list below into the extracts and translate them into Russian:

a) annulus, production, string, devices, formations, well, productive, to seal, to bring, to range, be hung, to be penetrated

If preliminary tests show that one or more of the formations penetrated by a borehole will be commercially productive, the well must be prepared for the continuous … of oil or gas. First, the casing is completed to the bottom of the … . Cement is then forced into the … between the casing and the borehole wall to prevent fluid movement between … . This casing may be made up of progressively smaller-diameter tubing, so that the casing diameter at the bottom of the well may … from 10 to 30 centimetres. After the casing is in place, a … of production tubing (5 to 10 centimetres in diameter) is extended from the surface to the … formation. Expandable packing … are placed on the tubing … the annulus between the casing and the production tubing within the producing formation from the annulus within the remainder of the well. If several producing formations … by a single well, as many as four production strings may ... . If a lifting device is needed … the oil to the surface, it is generally placed at the bottom of the production tubing.

b) clean-up, developments, combination, reservoir fluids, isolation, liners, tubulars, challenges, production, to be combined

This designation refers to a range of completions where the … across the production zone are not cemented in place. Openhole completions have many configurations, often developed to address specific reservoir challenges. There have been many recent … which has boosted the success of openhole completions, and they also tend to be popular in horizontal wells, where cemented … are more expensive and technically more difficult. The common options for openhole completions are: Pre-drilled liner (also known as pre-holed liner). This liner is prepared with multiple small drilled holes, then set across the … zone to provide wellbore stability and an intervention conduit. Pre-holed liner … often … with openhole packers, such as swelling elastomers, mechanical packers or external casing packers, to provide zonal segregation and isolation. It is now quite common to see a … of pre-holed liner, solid liner and swelling elastomer packers to provide an initial … of unwanted water or gas zones. Openhole completions (in comparison with cemented liners) require better understanding of formation damage, wellbore … and fluid loss control. A key difference is that perforating penetrates through the first 15-45cm of formation around the wellbore, whilst openhole completions require the … to flow through all of the filtrate-invaded zone around the wellbore and lift-off of the mud filter cake.

c) sand, well control, field, slotting, to be machined, to be selected, to be used

Many openhole completions will incorporate fluid loss valves (such as a self-opening or self-closing liner valve or inflow control devices) at the top of the liner to provide … whilst the upper completion is run.

Slotted liner can be selected as an alternate to pre-holed liner, sometimes as a personal preference or from established practice on a … . It can also be selected to provide a low cost control of sand/solids production. The slotted liner … with multiple longitudinal slots, for example 2 mm x 50mm, spread across the length and circumference of each joint. Recent advances in laser cutting means that … can now be done much cheaper to much smaller slot widths and in some situation slotted liner … now … for the same functionality as sand control screens.

Openhole sand control … where the liner is required to mechanically hold-back the movement of formation … . There are many variants of openhole sand control, the three popular choices being stand-alone screens, openhole gravel packs (also known as external gravel packs) and expandable screens.

d) to determine, oil-producing, reservoir, formations ,completions, collapse, producing

The nature of the reservoir, evaluated from a core analysis, cuttings, or logs, or from experience … the type of completion to be used. In a barefoot completion, the casing is set just above the … formation, and the latter is drilled out and produced with no pipe set across it. Such a completion can be used for hard rock … which are not friable and will not slough, and when there are no opportunities for producing from another, lower … . Set-through and perforated … are also employed for relatively well-consolidated formations from which the potential for sand production is small. However, the perforated completion is used when a long producing interval must be prevented from …, when multiple intervals are to be completed in the one borehole, or when intervening water sands within the … .

IV. Match the following terms with their definitions and give their Russian equivalents:

casing head, openhole completion, Christmas tree, perforating gun, tubing head.

1. A well completion that has no casing or liner set across the reservoir formation, allowing the produced fluids to flow directly into the wellbore. This type of completion suffers the major disadvantage that the sandface is unsupported and may collapse.

2. An assembly of valves, spools, pressure gauges and chokes fitted to the well head of a completed well to control production.

3. A wellhead component that supports the tubing hanger and provides a means of attaching the Christmas tree to the wellhead.

4. The adapter between the first casing string and either the BOP stack (during drilling) or the wellhead (after completion). This adapter may be threaded or welded onto the casing, and may have a flanged or clamped connection to match the BOP stack or wellhead.

5. A device used to perforate oil and gas wells in preparation for production. Containing several shaped explosive charges, it is available in a range of sizes and configurations.

V. Explain the following terms using a specialized dictionary and glossary, give their Russian equivalents and make up your own sentences with them:

wellhead, completion, jet perforating, perforating charge, multiple zone completion

VI. Give English translation for:

1) Заканчивание скважины без спуска обсадной колонны (или заканчивание с необсаженным забоем) осуществляется посредством бурения до кровли продуктивного пласта.

2) После этого скважину обсаживают и бурение продолжают сквозь продуктивный пласт, оставляя дно скважины открытым.

3) Заканчивание скважины с необсаженным забоем обычно применяется при бурении скважин на уже разработанном месторождении с опробованным коллектором.

4) Этот вид заканчивания также встречается при разработке месторождений газа или угольных пластов, для расширения дна скважины.

5) Заканчивание скважины с необсаженным забоем не используют в формациях мягких пород, которые могут осыпаться и оседать в скважину.

6) Если нефтеносный пласт состоит из несцементированных песков, которые могут оседать в скважину, заканчивание проводят с установкой гравийного фильтра.

7) Другой технологией заканчивания скважины является установка незацементированного хвостовика, которая применяется на необсаженной скважине при отслоении глины от стенок ствола.

8) В случае скважин горизонтального дренажа заканчивание проводят как без обсаживания забоя, так и с использованием хвостовика с продольными отверстиями.

9) В наши дни очень распространенно заканчивание скважины со спуском эксплуатационной колонны в продуктивный горизонт.

10) В этом случае обсадная колонна-хвостовик или обсадная колонна цементируется непосредственно в нефтеносном коллекторе.

11) Для выхода в нефтеносный пласт сквозь хвостовик или колонну и слой цемента проделывают перфорационные отверстия.

12) Отверстия, в скважине проделывают с помощью перфоратора, спускаемого в скважину на насосно-компрессорной колонне.

13) Заканчивание скважины с помощью перфораций обычно используют при одновременной разработке нескольких продуктивных пластов.

14) Диаметр насосно-компрессорного трубопровода всегда меньше, чем диаметр буровой колонны.

15) Если фильтрат бурового раствора просачивается в пласт, то эту зону необходимо изолировать.