Reported Speech: Statements
Date: 2015-10-07; view: 559.
| Direct | Indirect | Direct | Indirect |
| say | say | say to | tell |
| says | says | says to | tells |
| said | said | said to | told |
§تحذف inverted commas و يمكن استخدام that أو تحذف.
§ تتغير الأزمنة من مضارع إلى ماضي و من ماضي إلى ماضي تام كما يلي:
| Direct | Indirect | Direct | Indirect |
| write / writes | wrote | will | would |
| wrote | had written | shall | would |
| is / are writing | was / were writing | may | might |
| have / has written | had written | can | could |
| has / have been writing | had been writing | must | had to |
| was / were writing | had been writing |
§ هناك كلمات معينة تتغير في غير المباشر كما يلي:
| Direct | Indirect | Direct | Indirect |
| now | then | tonight | that night |
| this | that | tomorrow | the next day |
| these | those | yesterday | the day before / the previous day |
| here | there | today | that day |
| (two days) ago | (two days)before / earlier | yet | by then |
| last week | the week before / the previous week | next week | the following week |
| the day before yesterday | two days before | the day after tomorrow | in two days' time |
| tomorrow morning | the next morning | this afternoon | that afternoon |
| next Friday | the following Friday |
§ لاحظ تغيير الضمائر:
¨ She said, “I shall pay my debts tomorrow.”
She said she would pay her debts the next day.
¨ He said to me, “I sent the letter two days ago.”
He told me he had sentthe lettertwo days before / two days earlier.
¨ He said to me, "I didn't see the robbers last night."
He told me he hadn't seenthe robbers the night before / the previous night.
§ يمكن استخدام الأفعال الآتية بدلا من said:
claimed ادعي/ complained / mentioned ذكر / indicated أوضح / asserted أكد / agreed / reported / explained / agreed
¨ He said, “The service in this restaurant is not good.”
He complained that the service in that restaurant was not good.
¨ He said, “I won't tell anyone what you said.”
He agreed he wouldn't tell anyone what I had said.
§ الأفعال الآتية لا تتغير في غير المباشر:
| <== previous lecture | | | next lecture ==> |
| Language Notes | | | Would / should / ought / had better / might / used to / could |