Past Perfect Active (I had measured)

Affirmative

For example:

· The engineers of our laboratory had already designed a highly effective device when this idea stroke the others.

· After radiophysicists had spent up to 80 per cent of their time on all kinds of analyses and tests they came to a certain conclusion.

Negative

For example:

· The dean said the experiment hadn’t been carried out by five o’clock.

· The professor noted the scientists hadn’t employed this method by 2005.

Questions

For example:

· Had pharmacists patented these new medicines when I began my career?

· Had robot assistants replaced people in their routine work by 2000?

Past Perfect Passive (it had been measured)

Affirmative

For example:

· Mike carried out some experiments only yesterday, though other results had been obtained last year.

Negative

For example:

· Professor said no new software products had been shown at the latest technical exhibition.

Questions

For example:

· Had laptop computers been used in our country earlier than they appeared in Japan?

1. Fill in the table.

2. Open the brackets and put the verbs into the Past Perfect or Past Indefinite/Continuous Tense(Active or Passive).

1. In 1965, the Nobel Prize-winner in physics Charles K.Kao (receive) his PhD in the Imperial College in London but his pre-university education he (get) in Hong Kong.

2. The Einstein's theory of special relativity(introduce) first, and was later (consider) to be a special case of the more comprehensive theory of general relativity.

3. Galileo Galilei (establish) the principles which Newton later (use) to create a coherent theoretical framework for classical physics.

4. Niels Bohr (receive) a Nobel Prize for this work in 1922, just a year after Albert Einstein (receive) his.

5. Isaac Newton (be interested) in the discoveries of Galileo who earlier (prove) that the planets revolved around the sun, not the earth as people (think) at that time.

6. Isaac Newton's calculations (change) the way people (understand) the universe. Before it no one (be able) to explain why the planets (stay) in their orbits.

7. Less that 50 years before Isaac Newton (be born) it (think) that the planets (be held) in place by an invisible shield.

8. In the nineteenth century, the atom was thought to be a spherical blob of more-or-less uniform density but already two and a half millennia ago the concept of the atom (hypothesize) by the Greeks.

9. In 1963, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson, two scientists in Holmdale, New Jersey, (work) on a satellite which (designe) to measure microwaves.

10. InAugust 1783 a French chemist Jacques Charles (invent) a different type of balloon that (use) hydrogen to get its lift, earlier, in November 1783, Pilatre de Rozier and Marquis d'Arlandes (make) the first manned flight in a Montgolfier balloon from the center of Paris to the city's suburbs.

11. Experimental physics (have) its debut with experimentation concerning statics, long before quantitative descriptions (become) popular among physicists and astronomers.

3. Make the sentences of ex.2 negative and interrogative.

4. For each situation, write a sentence ending with never … before. Use the verbs in brackets.

For example:

The student standing next to you in the laboratory was very nervous. It was his first experiment with this matter.

(experiment) He’d never experimented with this matter before.

1. Mike made a very thin insulation on a piece of silicon yesterday. He wasn’t very good at it because it was the first time he tried to control silicon oxidation. (control) He …

2. Last year we began to manufacture new electronic devices. It happened for the first time. (manufacture) We …

3. These electrolytes are usually used as insulators. Our researches ran into them only yesterday. (use) They…

4. Scientists patented their new device. (patent) Nobody …

5. Put the verb into the correct form, Past Perfect (I had measured) or Past Simple (I measured).

For example:

– Was Mike in the laboratory when you came?

– No, he (obtain) the results of the tests and (go) home.

1. I had a lot of energy when I started my work, so I … (begin, carry out) a new experiment.

2. The vacuum tube was full of mist when I got into the laboratory. Electrons … (form) a cloud around the cathode in a vacuum tube.

3. Sorry, but yesterday’s presentation of home appliances wasn’t too interesting for me, because I … (test) the electron device of the new generation a few months ago.

4. We were employing a new method when we … (see) something … (go) wrong, so we … (stop) to do it.

6. Complete these sentences with the following verbs (in the form of Past Perfect Passive):change, know, analyze, use, install.

1. Belarusian “Silicon Valley” was built after the international experience … in details.

2. Some parameters of the main machine … by a laboratory assistant before the professor came in.

3. There was a big storm last week and the city remained without electricity. Hundreds of patients didn’t die, because autonomous storage batteries … in the hospital.

4. We learnt about laser printers only a few years ago. Ink-jet printers … earlier.

5. The typewriter … to input data, before a computer was invented.

7. Rewrite these sentences into Past Perfect Passive/Active.

1. When at the master’s course all modern books were available for us, because electronic catalogs (create) earlier.

2. Before compact discs were designed diskettes (create).

3. We could easily buy energy efficient lamps in a special shop, because Edison (invent) a usual lamp.

4. We (eat) more natural food, before scientists created GMO.

5. Awesome interactive toys (develop) so we could present our children with them.

6. I (repaire) this equipment before you came.

7. After the new device (test) by the professor, it was installed in our laboratory.

8. Choose as many words from the table of ex.1 as you can and form sensible sentences. Use Past Perfect where possible.

For example: I must add that this material has one very important feature.

9. Form adjectives from the following verbs using the suffix -able and translate them:

measure, move, obtain, compare

For example: control – управлять; controllable – поддающийся управлению.

10. Translate the following international words without a dictionary paying attention to the suffixes.

Electromagnetic, optical, ionization, integration, plasma, atomic, relaxation, critical, equivalent (adj), experimentally, orientation, argument, molecule (n), configuration, information.

11. Read and translate word-combinations. Start from the first component.

12. Match the following sentences with their translations.

SPECIALIST READING

13. Read the text “Silicon”. Find the answers to the following questions.

1. What’s silicon like in its pure form?

2. Is it a common element?

3. What is the structure of sand?

4. How can we make a very thin insulation?

5. What happens if an electric field is set up in the crystal of silicon?

6. What type of conduction do we call intrinsic?

7. Is silicon a conductor, a semiconductor or an impurity semiconductor? And what about the silicon oxide?

8. Can you name a very efficient way of causing extrinsic conductivity?

9. What elements are usually employed as impurities?

10. Name some impurities. Explain your choice.

Silicon

Silicon is a very common element. In its pure form silicon is a dark, hard, rather glassy-looking material. The sand, for example, is mostly silicon oxide, i. e. the sand is a compound of silicon and oxygen.

The silicon oxide is an insulator, and when it is necessary we can make a very thin insulation on a piece of silicon by means of controllable oxidation.

Silicon is a semiconductor. If an electric field is set up in the crystal of silicon, the electrons tend to move in the direction of the field and the holes tend to move in the opposite direction. Thus conduction of current in a pure silicon known as intrinsic conduction takes place. If a little impurity is added to silicon, it will become an impurity semi­conductor. The addition of impurities is a very efficient way of causing extrinsic conductivity. It appears in addition to intrinsic conductivity.

Elements of group III or group V of the Periodic Table are usually employed as impurities. These elements have either 3 or 5 valence electrons.

14. Read the text again and select the best completion for each sentence. Complete the following sentences using the multiple choice suggested. There might be more than one variant.

1. Silicon is …

a) an unknown element d) a very common element

b) a semiconductor e) an impurity semiconductor

c) a conductor

2. In its pure form silicon is …

a) light-coloured d) glassy-looking

b) hard e) dark

c) soft

3. We can make a very thin insulation on a piece of silicon by means of …

a) an electric field c) controllable oxidation

b) adding impurities d) placing it into another environment

4. Elements which are usually employed as impurities have either…

a) 3 or 5 valence electrons c) 3 or 6 valence electrons

b) 2 or 4 valence electrons d) 2 or 5 valence electrons

5. Elements of group III or group V of the Periodic Table are…

a) antimony e) copper

b) indium f) phosphorus

c) ferrum j) gallium

d) aluminium

15. Complete the sentences with the correct ending according to the text.

1. The sand is mostly …

2. The silicon oxide is …

3. If an electric field is set up in the crystal of silicon, the electrons tend to …

4. Conduction of current in a pure silicon is known as …

5. If a little impurity is added to silicon, it …

6. The addition of impurities is a very efficient way of …

7. Extrinsic conductivity appears in addition to …

8. Elements of group III or group V of the Periodic Table are usually …

9. These elements have …

10. They are …

SPEAKING

16. Summarize the text “Silicon” in 150 words.

17. Translate the text “Applications of Silicon” in writing paying attention to new technical terms.

Applications of Silicon

As the second most abundant element in the earth's crust, silicon is vital to the construction industry as a principal constituent of natural stone, glass, concrete and cement. The greatest impact of silicon on the modern world's economy and lifestyle has resulted from silicon wafers used as substrates in the manufacture of discrete electronic devices such as power transistors, and in the development of integrated circuits such as computer chips.

· Alloys

The largest application of metallurgical grade silicon, representing about 55% of the world consumption, is in the manufacture of aluminium-silicon alloys to produce cast parts, mainly for the automotive industry. Silicon is an important constituent of electrical steel, modifying its resistivity and ferromagnetic properties. Silicon is added to molten cast iron as ferrosilicon or silicocalcium alloys to improve its performance in casting thin sections, and to prevent the formation of cementite at the surface.

· Electronics

Pure silicon is used to produce ultra-pure silicon wafers used in the semiconductor industry, in electronics and in photovoltaic applications. Ultra-pure silicon can be doped with other elements to adjust its electrical response by controlling the number and charge (positive or negative) of current carriers. Such control is necessary for transistors, solar cells, integrated circuits, microprocessors, semiconductor detectors and other semiconductor devices which are used in electronics and other high-tech applications. In silicon photonics, it can be used as a continuous wave Raman laser medium to produce coherent light, though it is ineffective as a light source. Hydrogenated amorphous silicon is used in the production of low-cost, large-area electronics in applications such as LCDs, and of large-area, low-cost thin-film solar cells.

18. In Russian write a content-based summary of the text you have translated.

19. Make a reverse written translation (from Russian into English) of your summary.

20. Find more information about silicon applications and tell your group mates.

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